Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), the primary forage crop throughout the world, is sensitive to salt stress during the germination stage. To investigate the response of alfalfa to salt stress, a comprehensive proteomic analysis was performed comparing alfalfa cultivars that differ in salinity tolerance in the early seedling. RESULTS Five cultivars were examined for salt tolerance, and the most salt‐tolerant cultivar, ZhongmuNo.3, and the most salt‐sensitive cultivar, Daxiyang, were compared in terms of their physiological and proteomic responses. The two alfalfa cultivars seeds were exposed to 0 mmolL −1 or 200 mmolL −1 NaCl salt treatment for 10 days. Salt stress significantly reduced young seedling growth and the cotyledons' chlorophyll content; meanwhile, it increased the cotyledons' H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, all of which were less adversely affected in ZhongmuNo.3 than in Daxiyang. A total of 51 spots (24 and 27 protein spots in the salt‐sensitive and salt‐tolerant cultivars, respectively) were identified as significantly differentially expressed using two‐dimensional electrophoresis analysis. The proteins that were associated with salt tolerance included antioxidants/detoxifying enzymes, molecular chaperones, energy metabolic enzymes, a secondary metabolic enzyme, and pathogenesis‐related proteins. CONCLUSIONS Under salt stress, ZhongmuNo.3 possessed a higher capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, a more abundant energy supply, and stronger photosynthesis than the salt‐sensitive cultivar Daxiyang, and these physiological processes may be the primary contributors to salt tolerance in ZhongmuNo.3. These advanced proteome data expand our knowledge of the physiology of the response of alfalfa to salt stress, providing a potentially valuable foundation for molecular breeding to enhance salt tolerance. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
ZhongmuNo.3 was the most salt-tolerant of five alfalfa cultivars.
- Taxon
- Alfalfa
Medicago sativae1 - Material
- ZhongmuNo.3e0
- Outcome
- most salt‐tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most salt‐tolerant cultivar, ZhongmuNo.3”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Daxiyang was the most salt-sensitive of five alfalfa cultivars.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- Daxiyange0
- Outcome
- most salt‐sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most salt‐sensitive cultivar, Daxiyang”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced young alfalfa seedling growth.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- 200 mmolL −1 NaCl salt treatmente2
- Outcome
- young seedling growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- 0 mmolL −1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress significantly reduced young seedling growth”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
e2“exposed to 0 mmolL −1 or 200 mmolL −1 NaCl salt treatment for 10 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced cotyledon chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- 200 mmolL −1 NaCl salt treatmente2
- Outcome
- cotyledons' chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- 0 mmolL −1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress significantly reduced young seedling growth and the cotyledons' chlorophyll content”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
e2“exposed to 0 mmolL −1 or 200 mmolL −1 NaCl salt treatment for 10 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased cotyledon H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde levels.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- 200 mmolL −1 NaCl salt treatmente2
- Outcome
- cotyledons' H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 0 mmolL −1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the cotyledons' H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
e2“exposed to 0 mmolL −1 or 200 mmolL −1 NaCl salt treatment for 10 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-related physiological responses were less adverse in ZhongmuNo.3 than Daxiyang.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- ZhongmuNo.3e0
- Outcome
- less adversely affectede0
- Direction
- less adversely affectede0
- Comparator
- Daxiyange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all of which were less adversely affected in ZhongmuNo.3 than in Daxiyang”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteomic analysis identified 24 significantly differentially expressed protein spots in the salt-sensitive cultivar.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- salt‐sensitivee0
- Outcome
- protein spotse0
- Value
- 24e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24 and 27 protein spots in the salt‐sensitive and salt‐tolerant cultivars, respectively) were identified as significantly differentially expressed”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteomic analysis identified 27 significantly differentially expressed protein spots in the salt-tolerant cultivar.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- salt‐tolerante0
- Outcome
- protein spotse0
- Value
- 27e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24 and 27 protein spots in the salt‐sensitive and salt‐tolerant cultivars, respectively) were identified as significantly differentially expressed”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-tolerance-associated proteins included antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, chaperones, energy and secondary metabolic enzymes, and pathogenesis-related proteins.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Gene
- antioxidants/detoxifying enzymese0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- molecular chaperones, energy metabolic enzymes, a secondary metabolic enzyme, and pathogenesis‐related proteinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proteins that were associated with salt tolerance included antioxidants/detoxifying enzymes, molecular chaperones, energy metabolic enzymes, a secondary metabolic enzyme, and pathogenesis‐related proteins.”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, ZhongmuNo.3 had higher reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity than Daxiyang.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- ZhongmuNo.3e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse2
- Outcome
- capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenginge0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Daxiyange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZhongmuNo.3 possessed a higher capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, a more abundant energy supply, and stronger photosynthesis than the salt‐sensitive cultivar Daxiyang”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
e2“Under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, ZhongmuNo.3 had a more abundant energy supply than Daxiyang.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- ZhongmuNo.3e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse2
- Outcome
- energy supplye0
- Direction
- more abundante0
- Comparator
- Daxiyange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZhongmuNo.3 possessed a higher capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, a more abundant energy supply, and stronger photosynthesis than the salt‐sensitive cultivar Daxiyang”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
e2“Under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, ZhongmuNo.3 had stronger photosynthesis than Daxiyang.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- ZhongmuNo.3e0
- Treatment
- salt stresse2
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- Daxiyange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZhongmuNo.3 possessed a higher capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, a more abundant energy supply, and stronger photosynthesis than the salt‐sensitive cultivar Daxiyang”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
e2“Under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that enhanced ROS scavenging, energy supply and photosynthesis may contribute to ZhongmuNo.3 salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Material
- ZhongmuNo.3e0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- these physiological processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these physiological processes may be the primary contributors to salt tolerance in ZhongmuNo.3”
e1“Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.)”
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