Abstract
• Plants have developed complex defense mechanisms against pathogen attack, including expression of genes and production of different metabolites. • The study used molecular and biochemical techniques to investigate the expression of genes and molecules involved in incompatible interaction. • Results showed upregulation of genes involved in ROS metabolism and the phenylpropanoid pathway, higher levels of ROS and phenylpropanoid compounds. • Specific genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of flavonoids and lignin were also upregulated in response to V. Inaequalis pathogenesis. Scab disease of apple caused by Venturia inaequalis results in significant economic losses in the apple industry throughout the apple growing regions of world. In present study, we investigated the response of apple cv. Prima against the V. inaequalis by examining the levels of antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and gene expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We found that the inoculated plant showed a significant increase in metabolites and enzyme activities involved in ROS metabolism. There was a considerable rise in antioxidants (metabolites) like apigenin, p-coumaric acid, (+) -catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, phloridzin, rutin, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid in the inoculated plant from 28 to 108.84 (g −1 FW). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased from 8.22 to 11.61 u/gm whereas catalase (CAT) activity increased from 22. 08 to 48.62 u/gm and peroxidase (POD) activity increased from 60.67 to 105.05 u/gm in treated. Gene expression was enhanced by 8.92, 19.92, 27.44, and 32.45 folds with respect to control at different stages of inoculation. The expression of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway was also highly upregulated in response to the pathogen. The plant's defense response triggered a hypersensitive response (HR), which limited the growth of the pathogen V. inaequalis . The results suggest that the synthesis and accumulation of polyphenols play an essential role in the plant's defense response against the pathogen, and some components of the phenylpropanoid pathway may exhibit broad-spectrum disease resistance without yield penalties.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated apple plants had significantly increased ROS-related metabolites and enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- metabolites and enzyme activities involved in ROS metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that the inoculated plant showed a significant increase in metabolites and enzyme activities involved in ROS metabolism.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated plants had increased concentrations of the named antioxidants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- antioxidants (metabolites)e0
- Direction
- risee0
- Value
- 28 to 108.84 (g −1 FW)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a considerable rise in antioxidants (metabolites) like apigenin, p-coumaric acid, (+) -catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, phloridzin, rutin, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid in the inoculated plant from 28 to 108.84 (g −1 FW).”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase activity increased from 8.22 to 11.61 u/gm.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatede0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.61 u/gme0
- Qualifier
- 8.22e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased from 8.22 to 11.61 u/gm whereas catalase (CAT) activity increased from 22. 08 to 48.62 u/gm and peroxidase (POD) activity increased from 60.67 to 105.05 u/gm in treated.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity increased from 22.08 to 48.62 u/gm.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatede0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48.62 u/gme0
- Qualifier
- 22. 08e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased from 8.22 to 11.61 u/gm whereas catalase (CAT) activity increased from 22. 08 to 48.62 u/gm and peroxidase (POD) activity increased from 60.67 to 105.05 u/gm in treated.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity increased from 60.67 to 105.05 u/gm.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatede0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 105.05 u/gme0
- Qualifier
- 60.67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased from 8.22 to 11.61 u/gm whereas catalase (CAT) activity increased from 22. 08 to 48.62 u/gm and peroxidase (POD) activity increased from 60.67 to 105.05 u/gm in treated.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression increased 8.92-fold at one inoculation stage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Gene expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8.92e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression was enhanced by 8.92, 19.92, 27.44, and 32.45 folds with respect to control at different stages of inoculation.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression increased 19.92-fold at another inoculation stage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Gene expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.92e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression was enhanced by 8.92, 19.92, 27.44, and 32.45 folds with respect to control at different stages of inoculation.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression increased 27.44-fold at another inoculation stage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Gene expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 27.44e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression was enhanced by 8.92, 19.92, 27.44, and 32.45 folds with respect to control at different stages of inoculation.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression increased 32.45-fold at another inoculation stage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Gene expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 32.45 foldse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression was enhanced by 8.92, 19.92, 27.44, and 32.45 folds with respect to control at different stages of inoculation.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenylpropanoid pathway gene expression was highly upregulated in response to the pathogen.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pathogene0
- Outcome
- expression of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathwaye0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway was also highly upregulated in response to the pathogen.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The apple defense response triggered hypersensitive response that limited V. inaequalis growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of the pathogen V. inaequalise0
- Qualifier
- hypersensitive response (HR)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant's defense response triggered a hypersensitive response (HR), which limited the growth of the pathogen V. inaequalis .”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that polyphenol synthesis and accumulation contribute to apple defense.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- polyphenolse0
- Outcome
- plant's defense responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results suggest that the synthesis and accumulation of polyphenols play an essential role in the plant's defense response against the pathogen, and some components of the phenylpropanoid pathway may exhibit broad-spectrum disease resistance without yield penalties.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest phenylpropanoid components may confer broad-spectrum resistance without yield penalties.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- broad-spectrum disease resistance without yield penaltiese0
- Qualifier
- components of the phenylpropanoid pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results suggest that the synthesis and accumulation of polyphenols play an essential role in the plant's defense response against the pathogen, and some components of the phenylpropanoid pathway may exhibit broad-spectrum disease resistance without yield penalties.”
t0“apple”
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