Abstract
The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa secretes protein effectors that manipulate the physiology of the host plant, but few effectors of this fungus have had their functions confirmed. We performed functional characterization of a promising candidate effector of M. perniciosa. The inoculation of rBASIDIN at 4 µmol L−1 in the mesophyll of leaflets of Solanum lycopersicum caused symptoms of shriveling within 6 h without the presence of necrosis. However, when sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L−1, it caused wilting symptoms only 2 h after application, followed by necrosis and cell death at 48 h. rBASIDIN applied to Theobroma cacao leaves at the same concentration caused milder symptoms. rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in leaf tissue, damaging the leaf membrane and negatively affecting the photosynthetic rate of Solanum lycopersicum plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BASIDIN has orthologs in other phytopathogenic basidiomycetes. Analysis of the transcripts revealed that BASIDIN and its orthologs are expressed in different fungal species, suggesting that this protein is differentially regulated in these basidiomycetes. Therefore, the results of applying BASIDIN allow the inference that it is an effector of the fungus M. perniciosa, with a strong potential to interfere in the defense system of the host plant.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Mesophyll inoculation with rBASIDIN caused shriveling within 6 hours without necrosis in tomato leaflets.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- inoculation of rBASIDIN at 4 µmol L−1e0
- Gene
- rBASIDINe0
- Outcome
- symptoms of shrivelinge0
- Qualifier
- within 6 h without the presence of necrosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inoculation of rBASIDIN at 4 µmol L−1 in the mesophyll of leaflets of Solanum lycopersicum caused symptoms of shriveling within 6 h without the presence of necrosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed rBASIDIN caused tomato wilting after 2 hours.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L−1e0
- Outcome
- wilting symptomse0
- Qualifier
- 2 h after applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L−1, it caused wilting symptoms only 2 h after application”
e1“leaflets of Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed rBASIDIN caused necrosis and cell death in tomato by 48 hours.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L−1e2
- Outcome
- necrosis and cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- at 48 he0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by necrosis and cell death at 48 h”
e1“leaflets of Solanum lycopersicum”
e2“when sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The same rBASIDIN concentration caused milder symptoms in cacao leaves.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao
Theobroma cacaoe0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- rBASIDIN appliede0
- Outcome
- symptomse0
- Direction
- mildere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rBASIDIN applied to Theobroma cacao leaves at the same concentration caused milder symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in tomato leaf tissue.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee0
- Treatment
- rBASIDINe0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide productione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in leaf tissue, damaging the leaf membrane and negatively affecting the photosynthetic rate of Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
rBASIDIN damaged tomato leaf membranes.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- rBASIDINe0
- Outcome
- leaf membranee0
- Direction
- damaginge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in leaf tissue, damaging the leaf membrane and negatively affecting the photosynthetic rate of Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
rBASIDIN negatively affected tomato photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- rBASIDINe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- negatively affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in leaf tissue, damaging the leaf membrane and negatively affecting the photosynthetic rate of Solanum lycopersicum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis found BASIDIN orthologs in other phytopathogenic basidiomycetes.
- Taxon
- CocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Gene
- BASIDINe0
- Outcome
- orthologs in other phytopathogenic basidiomycetese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BASIDIN has orthologs in other phytopathogenic basidiomycetes”
t0“Cocoa”
Claim · model-written summary
BASIDIN and its orthologs were expressed in different fungal species.
- Taxon
- CocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Gene
- BASIDINe0
- Outcome
- expressed in different fungal speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BASIDIN and its orthologs are expressed in different fungal species”
t0“Cocoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors inferred differential regulation of BASIDIN across those fungi.
- Taxon
- CocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Gene
- BASIDINe1
- Outcome
- differentially regulated in these basidiomycetese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that this protein is differentially regulated in these basidiomycetes”
e1“BASIDIN and its orthologs are expressed in different fungal species”
t0“Cocoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors inferred that BASIDIN is an M. perniciosa effector with strong potential to interfere with host defense.
- Taxon
- CocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Interactor
- M. perniciosa
Moniliophthora perniciosae0pathogen - Gene
- BASIDINe1
- Outcome
- interfere in the defense system of the host plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is an effector of the fungus M. perniciosa, with a strong potential to interfere in the defense system of the host plant”
e1“BASIDIN allow the inference”
t0“Cocoa”
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See all 266 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.