Abstract
Abstract Palm pollen extract (PPE) is a viable source of osmoregulators, phytohormones, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and cofactors supporting plant growth in normal and challenging environments. In this study, we explored the competency of methanolic-aqueous PPE to amend cadmium (Cd) and cobalt (Co) toxicity in beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bean seeds were germinated in clay-sandy soil containing plastic containers, thinned, and then administered 50 mM CdCl 2 , CoCl 2 , or a combination of both. Treated seedlings were foliar sprayed with PPE or distilled water (10 ml PPE pot -1 ). To assess their response, seedlings were harvested at 21 days old. Cd and Co, individually or combined, impaired beans growth, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, amino acids, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities, flavonoids, macronutrients (N, P, and K), and yield components, particularly when combined. Metal treatments, however, upraised electrolyte leakage and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, beside increasing carotenoids, proline, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and phenolic levels. However, PPE contributed to lessening Cd and Co toxicity by restoring the growth, chlorophyll concentration, membrane stability, metabolic activity, and redox and ionic equilibrium. Moreover, PPE restored the metal-induced declines in carotenoids, flavonoids, antioxidant potential, and grain yield. PPE played a valuable role in metal-stressed beans by increasing proteins, amino acids, and phenols; improving APX, POD, and GST activities; and decreasing Cd and Co uptake. Overall, PPE could be employed as a feasible approach to support Cd- and Co-stressed bean growth, photosynthetic activity, osmotic and ionic homeostasis, and yield performance.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and cobalt, alone or combined, impair bean growth, chlorophyll content and soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Cd and Co, individually or combinede0
- Outcome
- growth, chlorophyll content, soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e0“Cd and Co, individually or combined, impaired beans growth, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, amino acids, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities, flavonoids, macronutrients (N, P, and K), and yield components, particularly when combined”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and cobalt impair bean amino acids and ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd and Co, individually or combinede0
- Outcome
- amino acids, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e0“Cd and Co, individually or combined, impaired beans growth, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, amino acids, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities, flavonoids, macronutrients (N, P, and K), and yield components, particularly when combined”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and cobalt impair glutathione reductase activity and flavonoid levels in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd and Co, individually or combinede0
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (GR) activities, flavonoidse0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e0“Cd and Co, individually or combined, impaired beans growth, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, amino acids, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities, flavonoids, macronutrients (N, P, and K), and yield components, particularly when combined”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and cobalt impair macronutrient content and yield components in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd and Co, individually or combinede0
- Outcome
- macronutrients (N, P, and K), and yield componentse0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e0“Cd and Co, individually or combined, impaired beans growth, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, amino acids, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities, flavonoids, macronutrients (N, P, and K), and yield components, particularly when combined”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal treatments raise electrolyte leakage and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Metal treatmentse1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)e1
- Direction
- upraisede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e1“Metal treatments, however, upraised electrolyte leakage and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, beside increasing carotenoids, proline, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and phenolic levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal treatments raise glutathione S-transferase activity in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Metal treatmentse1
- Outcome
- glutathione S-transferase (GST) activitiese1
- Direction
- upraisede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e1“Metal treatments, however, upraised electrolyte leakage and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, beside increasing carotenoids, proline, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and phenolic levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal treatments increase carotenoids, proline and hydrogen peroxide in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Metal treatmentse1
- Outcome
- carotenoids, proline, hydrogen peroxidee1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e1“Metal treatments, however, upraised electrolyte leakage and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, beside increasing carotenoids, proline, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and phenolic levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal treatments increase malondialdehyde and phenolic levels in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Metal treatmentse1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), and phenolic levelse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e1“Metal treatments, however, upraised electrolyte leakage and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, beside increasing carotenoids, proline, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and phenolic levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Palm pollen extract restores growth, chlorophyll concentration and membrane stability in Cd- and Co-stressed bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PPEe1
- Outcome
- growth, chlorophyll concentration, membrane stabilitye1
- Direction
- restoringe1
- Qualifier
- Cd and Co toxicitye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e1“PPE contributed to lessening Cd and Co toxicity by restoring the growth, chlorophyll concentration, membrane stability, metabolic activity, and redox and ionic equilibrium”
Claim · model-written summary
Palm pollen extract increases proteins, amino acids and phenols in metal-stressed bean.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“PPE played a valuable role in metal-stressed beans by increasing proteins, amino acids, and phenols; improving APX, POD, and GST activities; and decreasing Cd and Co uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Palm pollen extract improves APX, POD and GST activities in metal-stressed bean.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“PPE played a valuable role in metal-stressed beans by increasing proteins, amino acids, and phenols; improving APX, POD, and GST activities; and decreasing Cd and Co uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Palm pollen extract decreases cadmium and cobalt uptake in metal-stressed bean.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“PPE played a valuable role in metal-stressed beans by increasing proteins, amino acids, and phenols; improving APX, POD, and GST activities; and decreasing Cd and Co uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Palm pollen extract restores metal-induced declines in carotenoids and flavonoids in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PPEe3
- Outcome
- carotenoids, flavonoidse3
- Direction
- restorede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e3“PPE restored the metal-induced declines in carotenoids, flavonoids, antioxidant potential, and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Palm pollen extract restores metal-induced declines in antioxidant potential and grain yield in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PPEe3
- Outcome
- antioxidant potential, and grain yielde3
- Direction
- restorede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e3“PPE restored the metal-induced declines in carotenoids, flavonoids, antioxidant potential, and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Palm pollen extract is a feasible approach to support growth and yield performance of cadmium- and cobalt-stressed beans.
Verbatim
e4“PPE could be employed as a feasible approach to support Cd- and Co-stressed bean growth, photosynthetic activity, osmotic and ionic homeostasis, and yield performance”
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See all 12 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.