Abstract
Salt stress is a widespread environmental constraint that impairs crop growth, development, and productivity, reducing seed germination and seedling growth. Plants respond to salinity by modulating physiological and molecular processes, but these responses are inefficient, with salinity issues rapidly escalating worldwide. Salicylic acid (SA) is the most important signal molecules. that protects plants from the damaging effects of salt. This study examined the tolerance potential of 10-day-old Capsicum annuum L. Pusa Sadabahar seedlings against various concentrations of salt stress (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) with or without 1 mM salicylic acid (SA) to understand how SA could help Capsicum annuum avoid salt toxicity. The results showed that physiochemical attributes such as seed germination, were higher in the control (0 mM NaCl) and low to medium NaCl (50 and 75 mM) concentrations compared to the high NaCl (150 mM) concentration, which inhibited seed germination, shoot (180.75%) and root (507.20%) lengths, fresh and dry weights, % moisture content, tolerance index, vigor index, chlorophyll content and α-amylase, but increased enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD, 37.50%), peroxidase (POX, 62.21%), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, 30%), glutathione reductase (GR, 40.46%), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glyoxalase I (Gly I, 44.37%) and glyoxalase II (Gly II, 34.58%) activities, non-enzymatic antioxidants, ascorbate (AsA, 48.51%), carotenoids, phenolics, proline (71.85%), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) , malondialdehyde (MDA, 60.05%), and protein contents. The exogenous SA treatment enhanced all studied parameters except AsA , H 2 O 2 , and MDA, protecting the cells from lipid peroxidation and stimulating the ascorbate-glutathione (AsH-GSH) cycle, glyoxalase system, and proline accumulation, which helped to alleviate salt-induced ionic and oxidative damage. Overall, the study highlighted the potential of SA in aiding Capsicum annuum ’s resistance to salt stress and reducing its harmful effects. • Salinity stress leads to reduced growth and development of Capsicum annuum . • Exogenous application of salicylic acid boosts AsA-GSH cycle to manage oxidative damage. • Salicylic acid induced the accumulation of proline content thus marking recovery from salinity stress. • Seed priming with SA protects plant growth and developmental processes during early growth stages.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination of Capsicum annuum was higher at 0 mM NaCl and at 50 and 75 mM NaCl than at 150 mM NaCl, which inhibited germination.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.
Capsicum annuumt0 - Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione1
- Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“seed germination, were higher in the control (0 mM NaCl) and low to medium NaCl (50 and 75 mM) concentrations compared to the high NaCl (150 mM) concentration, which inhibited seed germination”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) inhibited shoot length of Capsicum annuum seedlings (value reported as 180.75%) relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- shoote1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 180.75%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“which inhibited seed germination, shoot (180.75%) and root (507.20%) lengths, fresh and dry weights, % moisture content, tolerance index, vigor index, chlorophyll content and α-amylase”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) inhibited root length of Capsicum annuum seedlings (value reported as 507.20%) relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- roote1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 507.20%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“which inhibited seed germination, shoot (180.75%) and root (507.20%) lengths, fresh and dry weights, % moisture content, tolerance index, vigor index, chlorophyll content and α-amylase”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) inhibited fresh and dry weights and percent moisture content of Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights, % moisture contente1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“which inhibited seed germination, shoot (180.75%) and root (507.20%) lengths, fresh and dry weights, % moisture content, tolerance index, vigor index, chlorophyll content and α-amylase”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) inhibited tolerance index and vigor index of Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- tolerance index, vigor indexe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“which inhibited seed germination, shoot (180.75%) and root (507.20%) lengths, fresh and dry weights, % moisture content, tolerance index, vigor index, chlorophyll content and α-amylase”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) inhibited chlorophyll content and alpha-amylase of Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and α-amylasee1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“which inhibited seed germination, shoot (180.75%) and root (507.20%) lengths, fresh and dry weights, % moisture content, tolerance index, vigor index, chlorophyll content and α-amylase”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased superoxide dismutase activity (37.50%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 37.50%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“superoxide dismutase (SOD, 37.50%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased peroxidase activity (62.21%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- peroxidasee1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 62.21%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“peroxidase (POX, 62.21%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased ascorbate peroxidase activity (30%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 30%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ascorbate peroxidase (APX, 30%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased glutathione reductase activity (40.46%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- glutathione reductasee1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 40.46%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glutathione reductase (GR, 40.46%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased glyoxalase I activity (44.37%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- glyoxalase Ie1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 44.37%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyoxalase I (Gly I, 44.37%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased glyoxalase II activity (34.58%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- glyoxalase IIe1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 34.58%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyoxalase II (Gly II, 34.58%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased ascorbate content (48.51%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- ascorbatee1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 48.51%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ascorbate (AsA, 48.51%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased proline content (71.85%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- prolinee1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 71.85%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“proline (71.85%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased malondialdehyde content (60.05%) in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 60.05%e1
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“malondialdehyde (MDA, 60.05%)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased catalase activity in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“catalase (CAT)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)e1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased carotenoid and phenolic contents in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- carotenoids, phenolicse1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“carotenoids, phenolics”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl (150 mM) increased hydrogen peroxide content in Capsicum annuum seedlings relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- high NaCl (150 mM) concentratione2
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2)e1
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- control (0 mM NaCl)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2)”
e2“high NaCl (150 mM) concentration”
e3“control (0 mM NaCl)”
e4“but increased enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous salicylic acid treatment enhanced all studied parameters of salt-stressed Capsicum annuum seedlings except ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous SA treatmente1
- Outcome
- all studied parameterse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The exogenous SA treatment enhanced all studied parameters except AsA , H 2 O 2 , and MDA”
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.