Abstract
In this study, we evaluated zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) biofortification in strawberry fruits under substrate and soil cultivation, along with their effects on mineral element accumulation and fruit quality. To achieve this, foliar Zn (0.1% and 0.2%) and Se (0.003% and 0.006%) fertilizers were applied separately or in combination at the initial flowering stage. The Zn and Se contents in strawberry fruits increased with the spraying dosage. Compared to the control, the Zn content in the first batch of Zn-treated strawberries increased by 36.9–109% and 27.1–102% under substrate and soil cultivation, respectively, while Se increased by 313–444% and 21.3–53.3%, respectively. However, foliar Zn application could not ensure long-term sustainability as Zn in strawberries gradually decreased in the two subsequent batches, while Se was more stable. Compared to the control, the Se content in the three batches of Se2 (0.006%)-treated strawberries grown in soil increased by 32.9%, 124%, and 109%, respectively. Meanwhile, compared to Se alone, the Zn–Se combined application decreased the Se content in strawberries by 61.2–77.6% and 24.9–45.7% under substrate and soil cultivation, respectively, while low doses of Se promoted Zn enrichment (by 8.62–40.9%) and high doses inhibited it (by 13.2–28.9%) under substrate cultivation. Moreover, the copper content in strawberries under substrate cultivation after the Se1 (0.003%) treatment was significantly higher (by 75.0%) than that in the control. A positive correlation was observed between Cu and Zn contents in strawberries under both substrate and soil cultivation. A consistent positive impact was also observed on fruit quality. The Se2 (0.006%) treatment caused an increase in ascorbic acid content (by 37.2%) in strawberry fruits. The soluble sugar content increased by 36.3% after the Zn1 (0.1%) treatment. The present study provides a practical basis for the biofortification of strawberries with Zn and Se.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit Zn and Se contents increased with spraying dose.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- spraying dosagee0
- Outcome
- Zn and Se contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The Zn and Se contents in strawberry fruits increased with the spraying dosage.”
Claim · model-written summary
First batch fruit Zn rose 36.9–109% under substrate cultivation with Zn treatment.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Zn-treatede0
- Outcome
- Zn contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.9–109%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- substratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control, the Zn content in the first batch of Zn-treated strawberries increased by 36.9–109% and 27.1–102% under substrate and soil cultivation, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
First batch fruit Zn rose 27.1–102% under soil cultivation with Zn treatment.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Zn-treatede0
- Outcome
- Zn contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.1–102%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- soil cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control, the Zn content in the first batch of Zn-treated strawberries increased by 36.9–109% and 27.1–102% under substrate and soil cultivation, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit Zn declined in two later batches after foliar Zn treatment.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- foliar Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- Zn in strawberriese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- two subsequent batchese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar Zn application could not ensure long-term sustainability as Zn in strawberries gradually decreased in the two subsequent batches”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit Se was more stable across later harvests.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- See0
- Direction
- more stablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while Se was more stable”
e1“strawberries gradually decreased in the two subsequent batches”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-grown Se2 fruit Se rose 32.9% in batch one.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Se2 (0.006%)-treatede0
- Outcome
- Se contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control, the Se content in the three batches of Se2 (0.006%)-treated strawberries grown in soil increased by 32.9%, 124%, and 109%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-grown Se2 fruit Se rose 124% in batch two.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Se2 (0.006%)-treatede0
- Outcome
- Se contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 124%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control, the Se content in the three batches of Se2 (0.006%)-treated strawberries grown in soil increased by 32.9%, 124%, and 109%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-grown Se2 fruit Se rose 109% in batch three.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Se2 (0.006%)-treatede0
- Outcome
- Se contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 109%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control, the Se content in the three batches of Se2 (0.006%)-treated strawberries grown in soil increased by 32.9%, 124%, and 109%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Zn–Se reduced fruit Se 61.2–77.6% versus Se alone in substrate.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Zn–Se combined applicatione0
- Outcome
- Se contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 61.2–77.6%e0
- Comparator
- Se alonee0
- Setting
- substratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to Se alone, the Zn–Se combined application decreased the Se content in strawberries by 61.2–77.6% and 24.9–45.7% under substrate and soil cultivation, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Zn–Se reduced fruit Se 24.9–45.7% versus Se alone in soil.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Zn–Se combined applicatione0
- Outcome
- Se contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 24.9–45.7%e0
- Comparator
- Se alonee0
- Setting
- soil cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to Se alone, the Zn–Se combined application decreased the Se content in strawberries by 61.2–77.6% and 24.9–45.7% under substrate and soil cultivation, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Se doses promoted Zn enrichment by 8.62–40.9% in substrate.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- low doses of See0
- Outcome
- Zn enrichmente0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 8.62–40.9%e0
- Setting
- substrate cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low doses of Se promoted Zn enrichment (by 8.62–40.9%) and high doses inhibited it (by 13.2–28.9%) under substrate cultivation”
e1“Se content in strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
High Se doses inhibited Zn enrichment by 13.2–28.9% in substrate.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- high dosese0
- Outcome
- Zn enrichmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 13.2–28.9%e0
- Setting
- substrate cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low doses of Se promoted Zn enrichment (by 8.62–40.9%) and high doses inhibited it (by 13.2–28.9%) under substrate cultivation”
e1“Se content in strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Se1 treatment raised substrate strawberry Cu content by 75.0% versus control.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Se1 (0.003%) treatmente0
- Outcome
- copper contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 75.0%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- substrate cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the copper content in strawberries under substrate cultivation after the Se1 (0.003%) treatment was significantly higher (by 75.0%) than that in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry Cu and Zn contents correlated positively in substrate and soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- Cu and Zn contentse0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Setting
- substrate and soil cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive correlation was observed between Cu and Zn contents in strawberries under both substrate and soil cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Se2 raised fruit ascorbic acid content by 37.2%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Se2 (0.006%) treatmente0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 37.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Se2 (0.006%) treatment caused an increase in ascorbic acid content (by 37.2%) in strawberry fruits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn1 raised soluble sugar content by 36.3%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Zn1 (0.1%) treatmente0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soluble sugar content increased by 36.3% after the Zn1 (0.1%) treatment.”
e1“increase in ascorbic acid content (by 37.2%) in strawberry fruits”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · nutrient: content · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
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selenium atom · nutrient: content · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.