Abstract
Abstract The growth and yield of plants are desperately reduced under salinity stress. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the essential food legume for human consumption globally. It has shown the consequential responses to salinity, a critical environmental stress on restricting plant growth and productivity. Due to the positive effects of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on mitigating abiotic stresses, this study was conducted to discover the effects of potassium copper sulfate hydrate nanoparticles (PCSH NPs) at 50, 100, and 150 mg L–1 on growth and biochemical characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris upon salt stress at 40, 80, and 120 mM NaCl in a randomized complete block design. Synthesized PCSH NPs were characterized using different techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs. However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering showed that control and 40 mM NaCl for salinity and control and 50 mg/L for PCSH NPs possessed no significant differences for studied traits. According to the heat map, antioxidant enzymes and plant weight represented higher variability upon the treatments. Finally, seed priming and soil applied PCSH NPs at 100–150 mg L–1 could adjust the adverse effects of salinity on common bean plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, seed germination reduced by 29% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common Bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, dry weight of root reduced by 50% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- dry weight of roote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, shoot reduced by 40% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, total chlorophyll reduced by 49% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 49%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, relative water content reduced by 24% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, proline increased by 49% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, malondialdehyde increased by 51% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, electrolyte leakage increased by 31% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, peroxidase activity increased by 2.7-fold relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.7-folde0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 120 mM NaCl, catalase activity increased by 83% relative to non-saline plants without nanoparticles.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 120 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 83%e0
- Qualifier
- without PCSH NPse0
- Comparator
- non-salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with non-salinity, 120 mM NaCl reduced seed germination (29%), dry weight of root (50%) and shoot (40%), total chlorophyll (49%), relative water content (RWC, 24%), while increased proline (49%), malondialdehyde (MDA, 51%), and electrolyte leakage (EL, 31%), peroxidase activity (2.7-fold), and catalase activity (83%) in plants without PCSH NPs”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCSH nanoparticles increasing growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PCSH NPse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCSH nanoparticles increasing chlorophyll content under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PCSH NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCSH nanoparticles increasing RWC under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PCSH NPse0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCSH nanoparticles increasing proline content under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PCSH NPse0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCSH nanoparticles decreasing MDA under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PCSH NPse0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCSH nanoparticles decreasing EL under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PCSH NPse0
- Outcome
- ELe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PCSH nanoparticles decreasing enzymes activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- PCSH NPse0
- Outcome
- enzymes activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PCSH NPs modulated salt stress by increasing growth, chlorophyll content, RWC, and proline content and by decreasing MDA, EL, and enzymes activities”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Control and 40 mM NaCl did not differ significantly for the studied traits.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 40 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- studied traitse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control and 40 mM NaCl for salinity and control and 50 mg/L for PCSH NPs possessed no significant differences for studied traits”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Control and 50 mg/L nanoparticles did not differ significantly for studied traits.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 50 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- studied traitse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control and 40 mM NaCl for salinity and control and 50 mg/L for PCSH NPs possessed no significant differences for studied traits”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzymes and plant weight had higher treatment variability.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes and plant weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant enzymes and plant weight represented higher variability upon the treatments”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.