Abstract
Abstract Background Nanofertilisers can enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization in crop production. Nevertheless, it is unclear how soil microbial and enzyme activities are affected by the application of nanofertilisers to wheat inter‐root soil. Aims The study aims to investigate the influences of nanocarbon (NC) and nano‐calcium carbonate (NCC) on soil enzyme activities and microbial community in the open field setting. Methods The effects of nanofertilisers on soil wheat rhizosphere soil were studied through the evaluation of soil microbial quantity, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity. Results The findings revealed that the combined utilization of nanofertilizers and compound fertilizers (CF) led to an augmentation in the diversity of the soil microbial community. When comparing the effects of 100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF), it was observed that the activities of urease (EC 3.5.1.5), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), sucrase (EC.3.2.1.26), as well as the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively. Similarly, the employment of 70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively. Notably, there was no significant difference observed between 100% CF + 50% NC + 50 % NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC within the 0–35 d after anthesis. Furthermore, both 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC contributed to an improvement in the species uniformity and operational taxonomic unit abundance of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms, while also increasing the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria compared to the CK. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was found to be elevated in the nanomaterials‐treated groups, both at 0–7 d and 14–21 d after anthesis, and positively correlated with soil enzyme activities and soil microbial populations. Conclusions These results indicate that the application of composite nanofertilizers can enhance the soil microenvironment in wheat fields, particularly under reduced fertilization conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Combining nanofertilizers with compound fertilizers augmented soil microbial diversity.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- combined utilization of nanofertilizers and compound fertilizers (CF)e0
- Outcome
- diversity of the soil microbial communitye0
- Direction
- augmentatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined utilization of nanofertilizers and compound fertilizers (CF) led to an augmentation in the diversity of the soil microbial community.”
e1“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% composite nanofertilizer, urease activity increased 22.4% versus CK.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCCe0
- Outcome
- activities of ureasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.4%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK) (100% CF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF), it was observed that the activities of urease (EC 3.5.1.5), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), sucrase (EC.3.2.1.26), as well as the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively.”
e1“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% composite nanofertilizer, catalase activity increased 7.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCCe1
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.7%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK) (100% CF)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), sucrase (EC.3.2.1.26), as well as the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively.”
e1“100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% composite nanofertilizer, alkaline phosphatase activity increased 17.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCCe1
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.8%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK) (100% CF)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), sucrase (EC.3.2.1.26), as well as the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively.”
e1“100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% composite nanofertilizer, sucrase activity increased 9.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCCe1
- Outcome
- sucrasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.3%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK) (100% CF)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sucrase (EC.3.2.1.26), as well as the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively.”
e1“100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% composite nanofertilizer, fungal number increased 35.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCCe1
- Outcome
- number of fungie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.9%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK) (100% CF)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively.”
e1“100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% composite nanofertilizer, actinomycete number increased 27.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCCe1
- Outcome
- actinomycetese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.7%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK) (100% CF)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively.”
e1“100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% composite nanofertilizer, bacterial number increased 26.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCCe1
- Outcome
- bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.0%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK) (100% CF)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, increased by 22.4%, 7.7%, 17.8%, 9.3%, 35.9%, 27.7%, and 26.0%, respectively.”
e1“100% composite nanofertilizers (100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC) with the control (CK) (100% CF)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 70% composite nanofertilizer, urease activity increased 19.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- ureasee1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 19.0%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively.”
e1“activities of urease”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 70% composite nanofertilizer, catalase activity increased 6.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- catalasee1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6.6%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively.”
e1“catalase (EC 1.11.1.6)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 70% composite nanofertilizer, alkaline phosphatase activity increased 13.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 13.6%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively.”
e1“alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 70% composite nanofertilizer, sucrase activity increased 6.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- sucrasee1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6.2%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively.”
e1“sucrase (EC.3.2.1.26)”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 70% composite nanofertilizer, fungal number increased 26.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- number of fungie1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 26.8%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively.”
e1“number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 70% composite nanofertilizer, actinomycete number increased 21.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- actinomycetese1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 21.3%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively.”
e1“number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 70% composite nanofertilizer, bacterial number increased 23.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- bacteriae1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 23.5%e0
- Comparator
- 100% CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70% composite nanofertilizers (70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC) also resulted in an enhancement of these aforementioned indicators. The magnitude of increase over the 100% CF was 19.0%, 6.6%, 13.6%, 6.2%, 26.8%, 21.3%, and 23.5%, respectively.”
e1“number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria”
e2“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The two composite nanofertilizer rates did not differ significantly within 0–35 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- no significant differencee0
- Qualifier
- 0–35 d after anthesise0
- Comparator
- 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant difference observed between 100% CF + 50% NC + 50 % NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC within the 0–35 d after anthesis.”
e1“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Both composite nanofertilizer rates improved microbial species uniformity and OTU abundance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- species uniformity and operational taxonomic unit abundance of wheat rhizosphere microorganismse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC contributed to an improvement in the species uniformity and operational taxonomic unit abundance of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms, while also increasing the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria compared to the CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both composite nanofertilizer rates increased Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria abundance versus CK.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCCe0
- Outcome
- abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both 100% CF + 50% NC + 50% NCC and 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC contributed to an improvement in the species uniformity and operational taxonomic unit abundance of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms, while also increasing the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria compared to the CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria relative abundance rose in nanomaterial-treated groups.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- nanomaterials‐treated groupse0
- Outcome
- relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriae0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- 0–7 d and 14–21 d after anthesise0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was found to be elevated in the nanomaterials‐treated groups, both at 0–7 d and 14–21 d after anthesis”
e1“wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria abundance correlated positively with soil enzymes and microbial populations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- nanomaterials‐treated groupse0
- Outcome
- relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteriae0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- soil enzyme activities and soil microbial populationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was found to be elevated in the nanomaterials‐treated groups, both at 0–7 d and 14–21 d after anthesis, and positively correlated with soil enzyme activities and soil microbial populations.”
e1“wheat rhizosphere soil”
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