Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK), a plant peptide hormone with a wide range of biological functions, is recognized by its receptor PHYTOSULFOKINE RECEPTOR 1 (PSKR1). Previous studies have reported that PSK plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the involvement of PSK in fruit development and quality formation remains largely unknown. Here, using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a research model, we show that exogenous application of PSK promotes the initiation of fruit ripening and quality formation, while these processes are delayed in pskr1 mutant fruits. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that molecular events and metabolic pathways associated with fruit ripening and quality formation are affected in pskr1 mutant lines and transcription factors are involved in PSKR1-mediated ripening. Yeast screening further identified that DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2F (DREB2F) interacts with PSKR1. Silencing of DREB2F delayed the initiation of fruit ripening and inhibited the promoting effect of PSK on fruit ripening. Moreover, the interaction between PSKR1 and DREB2F led to phosphorylation of DREB2F. PSK improved the efficiency of DREB2F phosphorylation by PSKR1 at the tyrosine-30 site, and the phosphorylation of this site increased the transcription level of potential target genes related to the ripening process and functioned in promoting fruit ripening and quality formation. These findings shed light on the involvement of PSK and its downstream signaling molecule DREB2F in controlling climacteric fruit ripening, offering insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing ripening processes in fleshy fruits.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous PSK promoted fruit ripening initiation and quality formation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of PSKe0
- Outcome
- initiation of fruit ripening and quality formatione0
- Direction
- promotese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a research model, we show that exogenous application of PSK promotes the initiation of fruit ripening and quality formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit ripening initiation and quality formation were delayed in pskr1 mutant fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- pskr1 mutante0
- Outcome
- initiation of fruit ripening and quality formatione1
- Direction
- delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these processes are delayed in pskr1 mutant fruits”
e1“initiation of fruit ripening and quality formation”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ripening-related molecular events and metabolic pathways were affected in pskr1 mutant lines.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- pskr1 mutant linese0
- Outcome
- molecular events and metabolic pathways associated with fruit ripening and quality formatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“molecular events and metabolic pathways associated with fruit ripening and quality formation are affected in pskr1 mutant lines”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
DREB2F interacted with PSKR1 in yeast screening.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- DREB2Fe0
- Outcome
- interacts with PSKR1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yeast screening further identified that DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2F (DREB2F) interacts with PSKR1.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
DREB2F silencing delayed fruit-ripening initiation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of DREB2Fe0
- Gene
- DREB2Fe0
- Outcome
- initiation of fruit ripeninge0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of DREB2F delayed the initiation of fruit ripening”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
DREB2F silencing inhibited the ripening-promoting effect of PSK.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of DREB2Fe0
- Gene
- DREB2Fe0
- Outcome
- promoting effect of PSK on fruit ripeninge0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of DREB2F delayed the initiation of fruit ripening and inhibited the promoting effect of PSK on fruit ripening.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PSKR1 interaction with DREB2F led to DREB2F phosphorylation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- DREB2Fe0
- Outcome
- phosphorylation of DREB2Fe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction between PSKR1 and DREB2F led to phosphorylation of DREB2F”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PSK improved PSKR1 phosphorylation of DREB2F at tyrosine-30.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PSKe0
- Gene
- DREB2Fe0
- Outcome
- efficiency of DREB2F phosphorylation by PSKR1e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- tyrosine-30 sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSK improved the efficiency of DREB2F phosphorylation by PSKR1 at the tyrosine-30 site”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tyrosine-30 phosphorylation increased transcription of potential ripening target genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- transcription level of potential target genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- phosphorylation of this sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phosphorylation of this site increased the transcription level of potential target genes related to the ripening process”
e1“tyrosine-30 site”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tyrosine-30 phosphorylation promoted fruit ripening and quality formation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- fruit ripening and quality formatione0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Qualifier
- phosphorylation of this sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phosphorylation of this site increased the transcription level of potential target genes related to the ripening process and functioned in promoting fruit ripening and quality formation”
t0“tomato”
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