Abstract
In agricultural systems, significant nitrogen (N) losses from traditional fertilizers pose risks to food security and economic stability. An emerging approach to mitigate these losses involves nanoparticles (NPs) coatings onto urea, aiming to enhance N availability and consequently boost crop yields. To explore the most effective and sustainable N management strategies, a field experiment was carried out in Basmati rice at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India over 2020–2021 in a split-plot design, with two summer green manure (GM) types- Sesbania (G2) and cowpea (G3) and fallow in the main plot and six nitrogen fertilization (NF) modules, i.e., 0 kg N + 5 kg Zn ha −1 through bulk ZnO (N1), N through prilled urea (PU) (N2), N through PU + 5 kg Zn ha −1 through bulk ZnO (N3), 1% bulk ZnO-coated urea (1% BZnCU) (N4), 0.1% nano ZnO-coated urea (0.1% NZnCU) (N5) and 0.2% nano ZnO-coated urea (0.2% NZnCU) (N6) in subplots replicated three times. The objectives of the study was to identify the optimal GM crops and the most effective NF modules on enhancing plant height, dry biomass, grain yield, milling quality, and N, P, K nutrition, as well as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Our findings demonstrated that, a significant enhancement in plant height (13.34%) and dry biomass (38.1%) at harvest was observed with the combined application of G2 and N6 when juxtaposed against G1 and N1. The pooled analysis revealed that GM enhanced grain yield by 12.75% in comparison to G1, irrespective of the NF modules employed. The Sesbania was identified as the top-performing GM, registering a yield 17.5% greater than fallow while it was 8.13% for cowpea. Among NF modules, there was a noted 10.03% yield increase when urea was zinc-coated compared to using only urea (N2), and a 33.75% increase against the N1. The application of N6 modules boosted hulling, milling, and head rice recovery by 3.73, 4.45, and 4.98%, respectively, compared to N1. Moreover, combining zinc with urea raised the N content in milled rice by approximately 9.1% and heightened the N, P, and K concentration in the straw by 22.8, 4.44, and 11.8%, and total N, P, and K uptake by 5.72, 3.33, and 11.7%, in comparison to the combined effect of N1 and N2. Considering the NUE metrics, such as partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE), the application of GM showcased superior performance in PFP and RE against the G1, while AE and PE remained unaffected. The G2 as a GM, performed best in PFP and RE. The N5 module delineated the most substantial advancements in NUE indices, despite being comparable to N6. In conclusion, the adoption of Sesbania as a green manure crops, coupled with the 0.2% nano ZnO-coated urea module, is identified as an efficient method for maximizing growth, yield, milling attributes, nutrient assimilation, and overall NUE in the Basmati rice.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manure with N6 increased plant height by 13.34% versus fallow with N1.
Verbatim
e0“a significant enhancement in plant height (13.34%) and dry biomass (38.1%) at harvest was observed with the combined application of G2 and N6 when juxtaposed against G1 and N1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manure with N6 increased dry biomass by 38.1% versus fallow with N1.
Verbatim
e0“a significant enhancement in plant height (13.34%) and dry biomass (38.1%) at harvest was observed with the combined application of G2 and N6 when juxtaposed against G1 and N1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure raised grain yield by 12.75% versus fallow across fertilizer modules.
Verbatim
e0“GM enhanced grain yield by 12.75% in comparison to G1, irrespective of the NF modules employed”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manure increased yield 17.5% versus fallow.
Verbatim
e0“The Sesbania was identified as the top-performing GM, registering a yield 17.5% greater than fallow while it was 8.13% for cowpea”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea green manure increased yield 8.13% versus fallow.
Verbatim
e0“The Sesbania was identified as the top-performing GM, registering a yield 17.5% greater than fallow while it was 8.13% for cowpea”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-coated urea raised yield 10.03% compared with urea alone.
Verbatim
e0“10.03% yield increase when urea was zinc-coated compared to using only urea (N2)”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-coated urea raised yield 33.75% versus N1.
Verbatim
e0“10.03% yield increase when urea was zinc-coated compared to using only urea (N2), and a 33.75% increase against the N1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
N6 boosted hulling by 3.73% versus N1.
Verbatim
e0“The application of N6 modules boosted hulling, milling, and head rice recovery by 3.73, 4.45, and 4.98%, respectively, compared to N1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
N6 boosted milling by 4.45% versus N1.
Verbatim
e0“The application of N6 modules boosted hulling, milling, and head rice recovery by 3.73, 4.45, and 4.98%, respectively, compared to N1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
N6 boosted head rice recovery by 4.98% versus N1.
Verbatim
e0“The application of N6 modules boosted hulling, milling, and head rice recovery by 3.73, 4.45, and 4.98%, respectively, compared to N1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc combined with urea raised nitrogen content of milled rice about 9.1%.
- Taxon
- Basmati ricet0
- Treatment
- combining zinc with ureae0
- Outcome
- N content in milled ricee0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 9.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“combining zinc with urea raised the N content in milled rice by approximately 9.1%”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc with urea raised straw nitrogen concentration by 22.8%.
Verbatim
e0“heightened the N, P, and K concentration in the straw by 22.8, 4.44, and 11.8%, and total N, P, and K uptake by 5.72, 3.33, and 11.7%, in comparison to the combined effect of N1 and N2”
e1“combining zinc with urea raised the N content”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc with urea raised straw phosphorus concentration by 4.44%.
Verbatim
e0“heightened the N, P, and K concentration in the straw by 22.8, 4.44, and 11.8%, and total N, P, and K uptake by 5.72, 3.33, and 11.7%, in comparison to the combined effect of N1 and N2”
e1“combining zinc with urea raised the N content”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc with urea raised straw potassium concentration by 11.8%.
Verbatim
e0“heightened the N, P, and K concentration in the straw by 22.8, 4.44, and 11.8%, and total N, P, and K uptake by 5.72, 3.33, and 11.7%, in comparison to the combined effect of N1 and N2”
e1“combining zinc with urea raised the N content”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc with urea raised total nitrogen uptake by 5.72%.
Verbatim
e0“total N, P, and K uptake by 5.72, 3.33, and 11.7%, in comparison to the combined effect of N1 and N2”
e1“combining zinc with urea raised the N content”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc with urea raised total phosphorus uptake by 3.33%.
Verbatim
e0“total N, P, and K uptake by 5.72, 3.33, and 11.7%, in comparison to the combined effect of N1 and N2”
e1“combining zinc with urea raised the N content”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc with urea raised total potassium uptake by 11.7%.
Verbatim
e0“total N, P, and K uptake by 5.72, 3.33, and 11.7%, in comparison to the combined effect of N1 and N2”
e1“combining zinc with urea raised the N content”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure improved partial factor productivity and recovery efficiency versus fallow.
Verbatim
e0“the application of GM showcased superior performance in PFP and RE against the G1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure did not affect agronomic or physiological efficiency.
Verbatim
e0“while AE and PE remained unaffected”
e1“the application of GM showcased superior performance in PFP and RE against the G1”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
N5 gave the largest improvement in nitrogen use efficiency indices and was comparable to N6.
Verbatim
e0“The N5 module delineated the most substantial advancements in NUE indices, despite being comparable to N6”
t0“Basmati rice crop”
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