Abstract
Abstract Bacterial endophytes from plants harbor diverse metabolites that play major roles in biocontrol and improve plant growth. In this study, a total of 12 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the ginger rhizome. The strain K3 was highly effective in preventing mycelia growth of Pythium myriotylum (78.5 ± 1.5% inhibition) in dual culture. The cell‐free extract (2.5%) of endophyte K3 inhibited 76.3 ± 4.8% mycelia growth, and 92.4 ± 4.2% inhibition was observed at a 5% sample concentration. The secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus licheniformis K3 showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas syringae (24 ± 1 mm zone of inhibition) and Xanthomonas campestris (28 ± 3 mm zone of inhibition). The strain K3 produced 28.3 ± 1.7 IU mL −1 protease, 28.3 ± 1.7 IU mL −1 cellulase, and 2.04 ± 0.13 IU mL −1 chitinase, respectively. The ginger rhizome treated with K3 in the greenhouse registered 53.8 ± 1.4% soft rot incidence, and the streptomycin‐treated pot registered 78.3 ± 1.7% disease incidence. The selected endophyte K3 improved ascorbate peroxidase (1.37 ± 0.009 µmole ASC min −1 mg −1 protein), catalase (8.7 ± 0.28 µmole min −1 mg −1 protein), and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (26.2 ± 0.99 Umg −1 ) in the greenhouse. In addition, K3 treatment in the field trial improved rhizome yield (730 ± 18.4 g) after 180 days ( p < 0.01). The shoot length was 46 ± 8.3 cm in K3‐treated plants, and it was about 31% higher than the control treatment ( p < 0.01). The lytic enzyme‐producing and growth‐promoting endophyte is useful in sustainable crop production through the management of biotic stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve endophytic bacteria were isolated from the ginger rhizome.
- Taxon
- ginger
Zingiber officinalet0 - Organ / stage
- rhizomee1
- Outcome
- endophytic bacteria were isolatede1
- Value
- 12e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“a total of 12 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the ginger rhizome”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain K3 was highly effective in preventing mycelial growth of Pythium myriotylum in dual culture (78.5 +/- 1.5% inhibition).
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- The strain K3e1
- Interactor
- Pythium myriotylumPythium myriotylume1pathogen
- Second interactor
- K3e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelia growth of Pythium myriotylume1
- Direction
- preventinge1
- Value
- 78.5 ± 1.5% inhibitione1
- Setting
- dual culturee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The strain K3 was highly effective in preventing mycelia growth of Pythium myriotylum (78.5 ± 1.5% inhibition) in dual culture”
Claim · model-written summary
The cell-free extract (2.5%) of endophyte K3 inhibited Pythium myriotylum mycelial growth by 76.3 +/- 4.8%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- cell‐free extract (2.5%) of endophyte K3e1
- Interactor
- endophyte K3e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelia growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 76.3 ± 4.8%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The cell‐free extract (2.5%) of endophyte K3 inhibited 76.3 ± 4.8% mycelia growth”
Claim · model-written summary
A 5% concentration of the K3 cell-free extract gave 92.4 +/- 4.2% inhibition of Pythium myriotylum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 5% sample concentratione1
- Outcome
- inhibitione1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
- Value
- 92.4 ± 4.2%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“92.4 ± 4.2% inhibition was observed at a 5% sample concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary metabolites of Bacillus licheniformis K3 showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas syringae (24 +/- 1 mm zone of inhibition).
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus licheniformis K3e1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee1pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus licheniformis K3
Bacillus licheniformise1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- zone of inhibitione1
- Direction
- maximum activitye1
- Value
- 24 ± 1 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus licheniformis K3 showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas syringae (24 ± 1 mm zone of inhibition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary metabolites of Bacillus licheniformis K3 showed maximum activity against Xanthomonas campestris (28 +/- 3 mm zone of inhibition).
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus licheniformis K3e1
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas campestris
_(25868012152).jpg?width=60)
Xanthomonas campestrise1pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus licheniformis K3Bacillus licheniformise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- zone of inhibitione1
- Direction
- maximum activitye1
- Value
- 28 ± 3 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(25868012152).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus licheniformis K3 showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas syringae (24 ± 1 mm zone of inhibition) and Xanthomonas campestris (28 ± 3 mm zone of inhibition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain K3 produced protease at 28.3 +/- 1.7 IU mL-1.
- Taxon
- Bacillus licheniformisBacillus licheniformist0
- Outcome
- proteasee1
- Value
- 28.3 ± 1.7 IU mL −1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacillus licheniformis”
e1“The strain K3 produced 28.3 ± 1.7 IU mL −1 protease”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain K3 produced cellulase at 28.3 +/- 1.7 IU mL-1.
- Taxon
- Bacillus licheniformisBacillus licheniformist0
- Outcome
- cellulasee1
- Value
- 28.3 ± 1.7 IU mL −1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacillus licheniformis”
e1“28.3 ± 1.7 IU mL −1 cellulase”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain K3 produced chitinase at 2.04 +/- 0.13 IU mL-1.
- Taxon
- Bacillus licheniformisBacillus licheniformist0
- Outcome
- chitinasee1
- Value
- 2.04 ± 0.13 IU mL −1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacillus licheniformis”
e1“2.04 ± 0.13 IU mL −1 chitinase”
Claim · model-written summary
Ginger rhizome treated with K3 in the greenhouse showed 53.8 +/- 1.4% soft rot incidence versus 78.3 +/- 1.7% disease incidence in the streptomycin-treated pot.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- ginger rhizome treated with K3e1
- Interactor
- Pythium myriotylumPythium myriotylumt1pathogen
- Outcome
- soft rot incidencee1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 53.8 ± 1.4%e1
- Qualifier
- 78.3 ± 1.7% disease incidencee1
- Comparator
- streptomycin‐treated pote1
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
t1“Pythium myriotylum”
e1“The ginger rhizome treated with K3 in the greenhouse registered 53.8 ± 1.4% soft rot incidence, and the streptomycin‐treated pot registered 78.3 ± 1.7% disease incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
K3 improved ascorbate peroxidase (1.37 +/- 0.009 umole ASC min-1 mg-1 protein) in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- endophyte K3e1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 1.37 ± 0.009 µmole ASC min −1 mg −1 proteine1
- Setting
- greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The selected endophyte K3 improved ascorbate peroxidase (1.37 ± 0.009 µmole ASC min −1 mg −1 protein)”
e2“in the greenhouse. In addition”
Claim · model-written summary
K3 improved catalase (8.7 +/- 0.28 umole min-1 mg-1 protein) in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- endophyte K3e1
- Outcome
- catalasee2
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 8.7 ± 0.28 µmole min −1 mg −1 proteine2
- Setting
- greenhousee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The selected endophyte K3 improved”
e2“catalase (8.7 ± 0.28 µmole min −1 mg −1 protein)”
e3“in the greenhouse. In addition”
Claim · model-written summary
K3 improved phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (26.2 +/- 0.99 U mg-1) in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- endophyte K3e1
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia‐lyasee2
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 26.2 ± 0.99 Umg −1e2
- Setting
- greenhousee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The selected endophyte K3 improved”
e2“phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (26.2 ± 0.99 Umg −1 )”
e3“in the greenhouse. In addition”
Claim · model-written summary
K3 treatment in the field trial improved rhizome yield (730 +/- 18.4 g) after 180 days (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- K3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- rhizome yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 730 ± 18.4 ge1
- Setting
- field triale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“K3 treatment in the field trial improved rhizome yield (730 ± 18.4 g) after 180 days ( p < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot length in K3-treated plants was 46 +/- 8.3 cm, about 31% higher than the control treatment (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- K3e1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 31%e2
- Qualifier
- 46 ± 8.3 cme1
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“The shoot length was 46 ± 8.3 cm in K3”
e2“about 31% higher than the control treatment ( p < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude the lytic enzyme-producing, growth-promoting endophyte is useful in sustainable crop production through management of biotic stress.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Outcome
- sustainable crop productione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger”
e1“is useful in sustainable crop production through the management of biotic stress”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · growth · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.