Abstract
Abstract Wheat contributes to about one‐fifth of the total calories and protein consumption by humans but is found lower in total iron (Fe) concentration than the targeted nutritional requirement, leading to increasing cases of anaemia and malnutrition in humans, especially in the developing countries. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to understand the dynamics of Fe in soil and its supply in relation to wheat productivity and grain quality. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of long‐term (54 years) annual and biannual application of different doses of farmyard manure (FYM) (0, 5, 10 and 15 Mg ha −1 ) and nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg ha −1 ) under integrated nutrient management on the dynamics of Fe in soil along with its relationship with total Fe uptake in wheat. Additionally, the release pattern of native soil Fe and risk of Fe toxicity were evaluated. The highest grain yield of wheat (6.08 Mg ha −1 ) was observed under biannual application of FYM and nitrogen at 10 Mg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1 , respectively, which was approximately 155% higher than the control plot (F 0 N 0 ). Under the dual season application of 15 Mg ha −1 FYM and 120 kg ha −1 nitrogen, the total Fe content (48.48 mg kg −1 ) and its uptake (270.52 g ha −1 ) in wheat grains were found at maximum. The soil incubation study revealed that the rate of release of Fe increased up to 30 days of incubation followed by constant rates indicating the establishment of dynamic equilibrium among the different Fe fractions. Thus, the present study was conducted for the first time to improve the understanding of changes in Fe concentration and rate of release in soil, which directly influence the Fe uptake in wheat grain under the long‐term integrated nutrient management practices.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The highest wheat grain yield (6.08 Mg ha −1) was observed under biannual application of FYM and nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- biannual application of FYM and nitrogen at 10 Mg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 6.08 Mg ha −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest grain yield of wheat (6.08 Mg ha −1 ) was observed under biannual application of FYM and nitrogen at 10 Mg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield under biannual FYM and nitrogen application was about 155% higher than the control plot.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- biannual application of FYM and nitrogen at 10 Mg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 155%e2
- Comparator
- control plote2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest grain yield of wheat (6.08 Mg ha −1 ) was observed under biannual application of FYM and nitrogen at 10 Mg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1”
e2“which was approximately 155% higher than the control plot (F 0 N 0 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Total Fe content in wheat grains was at maximum (48.48 mg kg −1) under the dual season application of 15 Mg ha −1 FYM and 120 kg ha −1 nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat grainse4
- Treatment
- dual season application of 15 Mg ha −1 FYM and 120 kg ha −1 nitrogene4
- Outcome
- total Fe contente4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 48.48 mg kg −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“integrated nutrient management in wheat”
e4“Under the dual season application of 15 Mg ha −1 FYM and 120 kg ha −1 nitrogen, the total Fe content (48.48 mg kg −1 ) and its uptake (270.52 g ha −1 ) in wheat grains were found at maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
Uptake of Fe in wheat grains was at maximum (270.52 g ha −1) under the dual season application of 15 Mg ha −1 FYM and 120 kg ha −1 nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat grainse4
- Treatment
- dual season application of 15 Mg ha −1 FYM and 120 kg ha −1 nitrogene4
- Outcome
- its uptakee4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 270.52 g ha −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“integrated nutrient management in wheat”
e4“Under the dual season application of 15 Mg ha −1 FYM and 120 kg ha −1 nitrogen, the total Fe content (48.48 mg kg −1 ) and its uptake (270.52 g ha −1 ) in wheat grains were found at maximum”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of release of soil Fe increased up to 30 days of incubation and then stayed constant.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- rate of release of Fee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- up to 30 days of incubatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“integrated nutrient management in wheat”
e5“the rate of release of Fe increased up to 30 days of incubation followed by constant rates”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil Fe release indicated the establishment of dynamic equilibrium among the different Fe fractions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- dynamic equilibrium among the different Fe fractionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“integrated nutrient management in wheat”
e6“indicating the establishment of dynamic equilibrium among the different Fe fractions”
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