Abstract
This study investigated the impact of stress modifiers in intercropping systems on seed yield and yield components, physiological traits, and antioxidant activity of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) under rainfed (water deficit) conditions. The experimental design included three stress modulator levels [control, 1 mM salicylic acid (SA), and 10 mM selenium (Se)] and five planting patterns [intercropping one row of safflower and two rows of chickpeas (1S:2C), two rows of safflower and four rows of chickpeas (2S:4C), and three rows of safflower and five rows of chickpeas (3S:5C), and sole cropping of safflower (Ss) and chickpea (Cs)]. The results revealed that Ss treated with Se produced the highest safflower biological yield (4,905.50 kg ha −1 ) and seed yield (1,259.50 kg ha −1 ), while Cs produced the highest chickpea biological yield (2,799.67 kg ha −1 ) and seed yield (852.44 kg ha −1 ), followed by Cs treated with SA (2,419.25 kg ha −1 and 764.83 kg ha −1 , respectively). Conversely, the 3S:5C intercropping ratio (IR) with Se application recorded the highest safflower oil content (32.08%), while Ss treated with Se produced the highest oil yield (358.62 kg ha −1 ). The 2S:4C configuration with Se application produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentrations in safflower, while 2S:4C and 3S:5C treated with Se produced the highest chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in safflower and chickpea. Furthermore, 1S:2C and 2S:4C treated with SA or Se produced the highest proline and total soluble sugars in safflower and chickpea. The SA and Se treatments in the intercropping systems increased catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities compared to the respective control plants (sole cropping) and enhanced oil contents, fatty acid composition, physiological traits, and antioxidant properties. These results underscore the potential of intercropping systems coupled with stress modulator treatments as a sustainable approach for safflower and chickpea cultivation under rainfed conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium-treated sole-cropped safflower had the highest biological yield.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriuse1 - Treatment
- See1
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 4,905.50 kg ha −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Ss treated with Se produced the highest safflower biological yield (4,905.50 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium-treated sole-cropped safflower had the highest seed yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- See1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1,259.50 kg ha −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Ss treated with Se produced the highest safflower biological yield (4,905.50 kg ha −1 ) and seed yield (1,259.50 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole-cropped chickpea had the highest biological yield.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume2 - Treatment
- Cse2
- Outcome
- biological yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 2,799.67 kg ha −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Cs produced the highest chickpea biological yield (2,799.67 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole-cropped chickpea had the highest seed yield.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume3
- Treatment
- Cse3
- Outcome
- seed yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 852.44 kg ha −1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Cs produced the highest chickpea biological yield (2,799.67 kg ha −1 ) and seed yield (852.44 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole-cropped chickpea treated with SA ranked next in biological yield, at 2,419.25 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Treatment
- SAe4
- Outcome
- biological yielde4
- Direction
- followed bye4
- Value
- 2,419.25 kg ha −1e4
- Comparator
- Cse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Cs produced the highest chickpea biological yield (2,799.67 kg ha −1 ) and seed yield (852.44 kg ha −1 ), followed by Cs treated with SA (2,419.25 kg ha −1 and 764.83 kg ha −1 , respectively)”
t0“intercropping with chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole-cropped chickpea treated with SA ranked next in seed yield, at 764.83 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Treatment
- SAe4
- Outcome
- seed yielde4
- Direction
- followed bye4
- Value
- 764.83 kg ha −1e4
- Comparator
- Cse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Cs produced the highest chickpea biological yield (2,799.67 kg ha −1 ) and seed yield (852.44 kg ha −1 ), followed by Cs treated with SA (2,419.25 kg ha −1 and 764.83 kg ha −1 , respectively)”
t0“intercropping with chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3S:5C intercropping with Se had the highest safflower oil content.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse5
- Treatment
- Se applicatione5
- Outcome
- oil contente5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 32.08%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the 3S:5C intercropping ratio (IR) with Se application recorded the highest safflower oil content (32.08%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium-treated sole-cropped safflower had the highest oil yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- See6
- Outcome
- oil yielde6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 358.62 kg ha −1e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Ss treated with Se produced the highest safflower biological yield (4,905.50 kg ha −1 )”
e6“Conversely, the 3S:5C intercropping ratio (IR) with Se application recorded the highest safflower oil content (32.08%), while Ss treated with Se produced the highest oil yield (358.62 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2S:4C configuration with Se produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid concentrations in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse7
- Treatment
- Se applicatione7
- Outcome
- unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentrationse7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The 2S:4C configuration with Se application produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentrations in safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2S:4C and 3S:5C intercropping with Se produced the highest chlorophyll a and b contents in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse7
- Treatment
- See7
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contentse7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“2S:4C and 3S:5C treated with Se produced the highest chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in safflower and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2S:4C and 3S:5C intercropping with Se produced the highest chlorophyll a and b contents in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume7
- Treatment
- See7
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contentse7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“2S:4C and 3S:5C treated with Se produced the highest chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in safflower and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
1S:2C and 2S:4C with SA or Se produced the highest proline and total soluble sugars in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse7
- Treatment
- SA or See7
- Outcome
- proline and total soluble sugarse7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Furthermore, 1S:2C and 2S:4C treated with SA or Se produced the highest proline and total soluble sugars in safflower and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
1S:2C and 2S:4C with SA or Se produced the highest proline and total soluble sugars in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume7
- Treatment
- SA or See7
- Outcome
- proline and total soluble sugarse7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Furthermore, 1S:2C and 2S:4C treated with SA or Se produced the highest proline and total soluble sugars in safflower and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and Se treatments in intercropping increased catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities compared with sole-cropped controls.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- SA and Se treatmentse7
- Outcome
- catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activitiese7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- control plants (sole cropping)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower yield”
e7“The SA and Se treatments in the intercropping systems increased catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities compared to the respective control plants (sole cropping)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with stress modulator treatments is a sustainable approach for safflower and chickpea cultivation under rainfed conditions.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse7
- Outcome
- intercropping systems coupled with stress modulator treatments as a sustainable approache7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These results underscore the potential of intercropping systems coupled with stress modulator treatments as a sustainable approach for safflower and chickpea cultivation under rainfed conditions”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →selenium atom · physiology: pigments · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: osmolytes · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
selenium atom · physiology: osmolytes · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
selenium atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: osmolytes · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.