Abstract
Iron and phosphorus deficiencies in alkaline soils threaten wheat by limiting nutrient availability due to their antagonistic relationship. This study tested if combining microbial incubation with foliar iron could synergistically improve wheat productivity and nutrition and mitigate deficiencies. A field experiment using a split plot design tested different iron and phosphate fertilization techniques. The main plots consisted of three iron application methods: foliar-applied iron (FL) at 2.5 kg ha−1, soil-applied iron (FS) at 5 kg ha−1, and no iron (F0). The subplots comprised four phosphate fertilizers: PSB + TSP (inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria + 100 kg ha−1 of triple superphosphate fertilizer), AMF + TSP (inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi + triple superphosphate), TSP alone, and no phosphorus (P0). Foliar iron application with AMF + TSP increased seed potassium and root length density by 16.3-17.9% and 22.1-25.8% more than PSB + TSP, respectively. Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP, as well as higher levels of soluble proteins and lower concentrations of chlorophyll. There was no difference in grain yield between PSB + TSP and AMF + TSP for any of the iron treatments. Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron application resulted in the highest grain yield, desirable seed nutrient content (particularly zinc, iron (>100 mg kg−1), and magnesium (>18 mg kg−1), improved root biomass, chlorophyll, and soluble proteins compared to PSB + TSP and TSP alone. This combination of microbial inoculation with foliar iron application is an effective strategy for mitigating the antagonism between iron and phosphorus and improving both crop productivity and nutrition.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar iron with AMF + TSP increased seed potassium by 16.3-17.9% compared with PSB + TSP.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Foliar iron application with AMF + TSPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- seed potassiume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.3-17.9%e0
- Comparator
- PSB + TSPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e0“Foliar iron application with AMF + TSP increased seed potassium and root length density by 16.3-17.9% and 22.1-25.8% more than PSB + TSP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar iron with AMF + TSP increased root length density by 22.1-25.8% compared with PSB + TSP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar iron application with AMF + TSPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root length densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.1-25.8%e0
- Comparator
- PSB + TSPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e0“Foliar iron application with AMF + TSP increased seed potassium and root length density by 16.3-17.9% and 22.1-25.8% more than PSB + TSP, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under soil-applied iron, AMF + TSP lowered seed magnesium by 28.5-29.1% compared with PSB + TSP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF + TSPe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- magnesiume1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 28.5-29.1%e1
- Qualifier
- Under FS conditionse1
- Comparator
- PSB + TSPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e1“Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP”
Claim · model-written summary
Under soil-applied iron, AMF + TSP raised seed zinc concentration by 23.9-28.4% compared with PSB + TSP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF + TSPe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc seed concentrationse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 23.9-28.4%e1
- Qualifier
- Under FS conditionse1
- Comparator
- PSB + TSPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e1“Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF + TSP raised soluble protein levels compared with PSB + TSP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF + TSPe1
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- PSB + TSPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e1“Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP”
e2“as well as higher levels of soluble proteins and lower concentrations of chlorophyll”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF + TSP lowered chlorophyll concentration compared with PSB + TSP under soil-applied iron.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF + TSPe1
- Outcome
- chlorophylle2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- PSB + TSPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e1“Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP”
e2“as well as higher levels of soluble proteins and lower concentrations of chlorophyll”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no difference in grain yield between PSB + TSP and AMF + TSP under any iron treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF + TSPe3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- no differencee3
- Comparator
- PSB + TSPe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e3“There was no difference in grain yield between PSB + TSP and AMF + TSP for any of the iron treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining AMF + TSP with foliar iron gave the highest grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron applicatione4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e4“Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron application resulted in the highest grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining AMF + TSP with foliar iron gave desirable seed nutrient content, particularly zinc, iron and magnesium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron applicatione4
- Outcome
- seed nutrient contente5
- Direction
- desirablee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e4“Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron application resulted in the highest grain yield”
e5“desirable seed nutrient content (particularly zinc, iron (>100 mg kg−1), and magnesium (>18 mg kg−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining AMF + TSP with foliar iron improved root biomass, chlorophyll and soluble proteins compared with PSB + TSP and TSP alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron applicatione4
- Outcome
- root biomass, chlorophyll, and soluble proteinse6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Comparator
- PSB + TSP and TSP alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil”
e4“Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron application resulted in the highest grain yield”
e6“improved root biomass, chlorophyll, and soluble proteins compared to PSB + TSP and TSP alone”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.