Abstract
Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr., is one of the most vital plant diseases, causing extensive pre- and post-harvest losses in apple fruits. In the current study, we isolated and identified two potential endophytic bioagents, Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces endus. Both bioagents exhibited a potent fungistatic effect against B. cinerea under both in vitro and in planta conditions. Moreover, two experiments were carried out; (i) the first experiment was conducted at room temperature after artificial inoculation with B. cinerea to monitor the progression of the infection and the corresponding biochemical responses of the apples. Our in vivo findings showed that the treated B. cinerea-infected apple fruits with the cell-free bacterial filtrate of B. subtilis and S. endus (dipping or wrapping) significantly reduced the rotten area of the treated apple at room temperature. Additionally, B. subtilis and S. endus enhanced the enzymatic (POX and PPO) and non-enzymatic (phenolics and flavonoids) antioxidant defense machinery in treated apples. (ii) The second experiment focused on the preventive effects of both bioagents over a 90-day storage period at 1 °C of healthy apples (no artificial inoculation). The application of both bacterial filtrates prolonged the storage period, reduced the relative weight loss, and maintained high-quality parameters including titratable acidity, firmness, and total soluble solids of apple fruits under cold storage at 1 °C. The Kaplan–Meier analysis of rotten apples over 90 days during cold storage showed that the treated apples lasted longer than the non-treated apples. Moreover, the lifespan of apple fruits dipped in the culture filtrate of B. subtilis, or a fungicide, was increased, with no significant differences, compared with the non-treated apples. The current results showed the possibility of using both bioagents as a safe and eco-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides to control gray mold disease in apples.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis was identified as a potential endophytic bioagent.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- potential endophytic bioagentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we isolated and identified two potential endophytic bioagents, Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces endus”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Streptomyces endus was identified as a potential endophytic bioagent.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Streptomyces endus
Streptomyces hygroscopicuse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- potential endophytic bioagentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we isolated and identified two potential endophytic bioagents, Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces endus”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis inhibited B. cinerea in vitro and in planta.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- fungistatic effect against B. cinereae0
- Setting
- in vitro and in planta conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both bioagents exhibited a potent fungistatic effect against B. cinerea under both in vitro and in planta conditions.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Streptomyces endus inhibited B. cinerea in vitro and in planta.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- fungistatic effect against B. cinereae0
- Setting
- in vitro and in planta conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both bioagents exhibited a potent fungistatic effect against B. cinerea under both in vitro and in planta conditions.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis filtrate by dipping or wrapping significantly reduced rotten area of infected apple fruit at room temperature.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- cell-free bacterial filtrate of B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rotten areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- room temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treated B. cinerea-infected apple fruits with the cell-free bacterial filtrate of B. subtilis and S. endus (dipping or wrapping) significantly reduced the rotten area of the treated apple at room temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
S. endus filtrate by dipping or wrapping significantly reduced rotten area of infected apple fruit at room temperature.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- S. enduse0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- S. endusStreptomyces hygroscopicuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rotten areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- room temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treated B. cinerea-infected apple fruits with the cell-free bacterial filtrate of B. subtilis and S. endus (dipping or wrapping) significantly reduced the rotten area of the treated apple at room temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis enhanced POX, PPO, phenolics and flavonoids in treated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense machinerye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- POX and PPOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis and S. endus enhanced the enzymatic (POX and PPO) and non-enzymatic (phenolics and flavonoids) antioxidant defense machinery in treated apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
S. endus enhanced POX, PPO, phenolics and flavonoids in treated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- S. endusStreptomyces hygroscopicuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense machinerye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- phenolics and flavonoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis and S. endus enhanced the enzymatic (POX and PPO) and non-enzymatic (phenolics and flavonoids) antioxidant defense machinery in treated apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial filtrates prolonged apple storage and reduced weight loss at 1 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- bacterial filtratese0
- Outcome
- storage periode0
- Direction
- prolongede0
- Setting
- cold storage at 1 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of both bacterial filtrates prolonged the storage period, reduced the relative weight loss, and maintained high-quality parameters including titratable acidity, firmness, and total soluble solids of apple fruits under cold storage at 1 °C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial filtrates reduced relative weight loss in stored apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- bacterial filtratese0
- Outcome
- relative weight losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- cold storage at 1 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of both bacterial filtrates prolonged the storage period, reduced the relative weight loss, and maintained high-quality parameters including titratable acidity, firmness, and total soluble solids of apple fruits under cold storage at 1 °C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial filtrates maintained titratable acidity, firmness and total soluble solids in stored apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- bacterial filtratese0
- Outcome
- titratable acidity, firmness, and total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Setting
- cold storage at 1 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of both bacterial filtrates prolonged the storage period, reduced the relative weight loss, and maintained high-quality parameters including titratable acidity, firmness, and total soluble solids of apple fruits under cold storage at 1 °C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated apples lasted longer than non-treated apples in 90-day cold storage.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- treatede0
- Outcome
- lastede0
- Direction
- longere0
- Value
- 90 dayse0
- Comparator
- non-treated applese0
- Setting
- cold storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Kaplan–Meier analysis of rotten apples over 90 days during cold storage showed that the treated apples lasted longer than the non-treated apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apples dipped in B. subtilis culture filtrate had increased lifespan, with no significant difference reported relative to non-treated apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- culture filtrate of B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- lifespane0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-treated applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lifespan of apple fruits dipped in the culture filtrate of B. subtilis, or a fungicide, was increased, with no significant differences, compared with the non-treated apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apples treated with fungicide had increased lifespan, with no significant difference reported relative to non-treated apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- fungicidee0
- Outcome
- lifespane0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-treated applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lifespan of apple fruits dipped in the culture filtrate of B. subtilis, or a fungicide, was increased, with no significant differences, compared with the non-treated apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose both bioagents as alternatives to chemical fungicides for apple gray mold.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- gray molde0pathogen
- Outcome
- alternative to chemical fungicides to control gray mold diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using both bioagents as a safe and eco-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides to control gray mold disease in apples”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus subtilis · Botrytis cinerea · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.