Abstract
The increasing prevalence of drought events poses a major challenge for upcoming crop production. Melatonin is a tiny indolic tonic substance with fascinating regulatory functions in plants. While plants can respond in several ways to alleviate drought stress, the processes underpinning stress sensing and signaling are poorly understood. Hereafter, the objectives of this investigation were to explore the putative functions of melatonin in the regulation of sugar metabolism and abscisic acid biosynthesis in drought-stressed tomato seedlings. Melatonin (100 μM) and/or water were foliar sprayed, followed by the plants being imposed to drought stress for 14 days. Drought stress significantly decreased biomass accumulation, inhibited photosynthetic activity, and stimulated senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression. Melatonin treatment effectively reversed drought-induced growth retardation as evidenced by increased leaf pigment and water balance and restricted abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. Sugar accumulation, particularly sucrose content, was higher in drought-imposed seedlings, possibly owing to higher transcription levels of sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnKR2.2) and ABA-responsive element binding factors 2 (AREB2). Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control. Under water deficit conditions, melatonin supplementation decreased the ABA content (24%) and its biosynthesis gene expressions. Additionally, sugar transporter subfamily genes SUT1 and SUT4 expression were upregulated by the addition of melatonin. Collectively, our findings illustrate that melatonin enhances drought tolerance in tomato seedlings by stimulating sugar metabolism and negatively regulating ABA synthesis.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress decreased biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlings
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress significantly decreased biomass accumulation, inhibited photosynthetic activity, and stimulated senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress inhibited photosynthetic activity.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress significantly decreased biomass accumulation, inhibited photosynthetic activity, and stimulated senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress stimulated senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expressione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress significantly decreased biomass accumulation, inhibited photosynthetic activity, and stimulated senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin reversed drought-associated growth retardation.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth retardatione0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin treatment effectively reversed drought-induced growth retardation as evidenced by increased leaf pigment and water balance and restricted abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased drought-associated leaf pigment.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf pigmente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin treatment effectively reversed drought-induced growth retardation as evidenced by increased leaf pigment and water balance and restricted abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased drought-associated water balance.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin treatmente0
- Outcome
- water balancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin treatment effectively reversed drought-induced growth retardation as evidenced by increased leaf pigment and water balance and restricted abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin restricted drought-associated abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin treatmente0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) accumulatione0
- Direction
- restrictede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin treatment effectively reversed drought-induced growth retardation as evidenced by increased leaf pigment and water balance and restricted abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-imposed seedlings had higher sucrose content.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- drought-imposede0
- Outcome
- sucrose contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sugar accumulation, particularly sucrose content, was higher in drought-imposed seedlings, possibly owing to higher transcription levels of sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnKR2.2) and ABA-responsive element binding factors 2 (AREB2).”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher SnKR2.2 and AREB2 transcription may explain sugar accumulation during drought.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnKR2.2) and ABA-responsive element binding factors 2 (AREB2)e0
- Outcome
- Sugar accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- possiblye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sugar accumulation, particularly sucrose content, was higher in drought-imposed seedlings, possibly owing to higher transcription levels of sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnKR2.2) and ABA-responsive element binding factors 2 (AREB2).”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin further increased sucrose content under drought.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin additione0
- Outcome
- sucrose contente0
- Direction
- upliftede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased sucrose synthase activity by 130%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin additione0
- Gene
- sucrose synthasee0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 130%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased sucrose phosphate synthase activity by 137%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin additione0
- Gene
- sucrose phosphate synthasee0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 137%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased β-amylase activity by 40%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin additione0
- Gene
- β-amylasee0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased α-amylase activity by 59%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin additione0
- Gene
- α-amylasee0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated BAM1 expression by 10.3 folds.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin additione0
- Gene
- BAM1e0
- Outcome
- genes expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 10.3 foldse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated AMY3 expression by 8.1 folds.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Melatonin additione0
- Gene
- AMY3e0
- Outcome
- genes expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 8.1 foldse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, melatonin lowered ABA content by 24%.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin supplementatione0
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under water deficit conditions, melatonin supplementation decreased the ABA content (24%) and its biosynthesis gene expressions.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, melatonin decreased ABA biosynthesis gene expression.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- melatonin supplementatione0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis gene expressionse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under water deficit conditions, melatonin supplementation decreased the ABA content (24%) and its biosynthesis gene expressions.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated SUT1 expression.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- addition of melatonine0
- Gene
- SUT1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, sugar transporter subfamily genes SUT1 and SUT4 expression were upregulated by the addition of melatonin.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated SUT4 expression.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- addition of melatonine0
- Gene
- SUT4e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, sugar transporter subfamily genes SUT1 and SUT4 expression were upregulated by the addition of melatonin.”
t0“Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings”
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