Abstract
High soil pH can result in Mn 2+ and P deficiency, leading to crop yield losses. Therefore, supplying soil with NH 4 + -N fertilizer in stabilized or unstabilized form can increase soil Mn 2+ availability and shoot concentration. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been proposed to lower rhizosphere soil pH, thus improving plant P uptake and preventing P deficiency in soils with high pH. Thus, this study investigated whether NI-stabilized or unstabilized NH 4 + -N could increase Mn 2+ availability in three differently-textured soils (sand, loamy sand, and silt loam) and promote Mn 2+ and P shoot concentration in maize. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of applying NH 4 + -N fertilizer with or without the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) combined with different nitrogen (N) sources (calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), and ammonium sulphate (AS)). The measured variables were bulk and rhizosphere soil pH and Mn 2+ availability, maize biomass, as well as Mn 2+ and P shoot concentrations. The results indicated that DMPP-stabilized AS significantly decreased rhizosphere pH by 7.2 % in loamy sand soil texture compared with unstabilized AS. Similarly, only in the loamy sand texture, DMPP-stabilized AS increased Mn 2+ availability and shoot concentration by 86 % and 47 %, respectively, relative to unstabilized AS. Furthermore, DMPP-treated AS and AN promoted P shoot concentration by 30 % and 21 % in the loamy sand and silt loam soil textures, respectively, relative to the corresponding N sources without DMPP. Conversely, DMPP did not impact the investigated variables in the sand texture for all N sources. Moreover, AN and AS increased biomass yield, Mn 2+ availability, and shoot concentration by 72 %, 30 %, and 46 %, respectively, in relation to the CN fertilizer in the sand soil texture. In conclusion, this study confirmed the effectiveness of DMPP-induced rhizosphere acidification in enhancing Mn 2+ and P shoot concentration in loamy sand soil textures, as well as P shoot concentration in fine-textured soil.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP-stabilized ammonium sulphate significantly decreased rhizosphere pH by 7.2 % in loamy sand compared with unstabilized ammonium sulphate.
- Treatment
- DMPP-stabilized ASe1
- Outcome
- rhizosphere pHe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 7.2 %e1
- Qualifier
- loamy sand soil texturee1
- Comparator
- unstabilized ASe1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“DMPP-stabilized AS significantly decreased rhizosphere pH by 7.2 % in loamy sand soil texture compared with unstabilized AS”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In loamy sand only, DMPP-stabilized ammonium sulphate increased Mn2+ availability by 86 %.
- Treatment
- DMPP-stabilized ASe2
- Compound
- Mn 2+e2
- Outcome
- Mn 2+ availabilitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 86 %e2
- Qualifier
- only in the loamy sand texturee2
- Comparator
- unstabilized ASe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“only in the loamy sand texture, DMPP-stabilized AS increased Mn 2+ availability and shoot concentration by 86 % and 47 %, respectively, relative to unstabilized AS”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In loamy sand only, DMPP-stabilized ammonium sulphate increased shoot Mn2+ concentration by 47 %.
- Treatment
- DMPP-stabilized ASe2
- Compound
- Mn 2+e2
- Outcome
- shoot concentratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 47 %e2
- Qualifier
- only in the loamy sand texturee2
- Comparator
- unstabilized ASe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“only in the loamy sand texture, DMPP-stabilized AS increased Mn 2+ availability and shoot concentration by 86 % and 47 %, respectively, relative to unstabilized AS”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP-treated ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate promoted P shoot concentration by 30 % in loamy sand.
- Treatment
- DMPP-treated AS and ANe3
- Outcome
- P shoot concentratione3
- Direction
- promotede3
- Value
- 30 %e3
- Qualifier
- loamy sande3
- Comparator
- the corresponding N sources without DMPPe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“DMPP-treated AS and AN promoted P shoot concentration by 30 % and 21 % in the loamy sand and silt loam soil textures, respectively, relative to the corresponding N sources without DMPP”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP-treated ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate promoted P shoot concentration by 21 % in silt loam.
- Treatment
- DMPP-treated AS and ANe3
- Outcome
- P shoot concentratione3
- Direction
- promotede3
- Value
- 21 %e3
- Qualifier
- silt loam soil texturese3
- Comparator
- the corresponding N sources without DMPPe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“DMPP-treated AS and AN promoted P shoot concentration by 30 % and 21 % in the loamy sand and silt loam soil textures, respectively, relative to the corresponding N sources without DMPP”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP had no effect on the investigated variables in sand for any N source.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Conversely, DMPP did not impact the investigated variables in the sand texture for all N sources”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased biomass yield by 72 % relative to calcium nitrate in sand.
- Treatment
- AN and ASe5
- Outcome
- biomass yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 72 %e5
- Qualifier
- sand soil texturee5
- Comparator
- CN fertilizere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“AN and AS increased biomass yield, Mn 2+ availability, and shoot concentration by 72 %, 30 %, and 46 %, respectively, in relation to the CN fertilizer in the sand soil texture”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased Mn2+ availability by 30 % relative to calcium nitrate in sand.
- Treatment
- AN and ASe5
- Compound
- Mn 2+e5
- Outcome
- Mn 2+ availabilitye5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 30 %e5
- Qualifier
- sand soil texturee5
- Comparator
- CN fertilizere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“AN and AS increased biomass yield, Mn 2+ availability, and shoot concentration by 72 %, 30 %, and 46 %, respectively, in relation to the CN fertilizer in the sand soil texture”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased shoot Mn2+ concentration by 46 % relative to calcium nitrate in sand.
- Treatment
- AN and ASe5
- Compound
- Mn 2+e5
- Outcome
- shoot concentratione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 46 %e5
- Qualifier
- sand soil texturee5
- Comparator
- CN fertilizere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“AN and AS increased biomass yield, Mn 2+ availability, and shoot concentration by 72 %, 30 %, and 46 %, respectively, in relation to the CN fertilizer in the sand soil texture”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
DMPP-induced rhizosphere acidification enhanced Mn2+ and P shoot concentrations in maize.
- Treatment
- DMPP-induced rhizosphere acidificatione6
- Outcome
- Mn 2+ and P shoot concentratione6
- Qualifier
- loamy sand soil texturese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“this study confirmed the effectiveness of DMPP-induced rhizosphere acidification in enhancing Mn 2+ and P shoot concentration in loamy sand soil textures, as well as P shoot concentration in fine-textured soil”
t0“shoot concentrations in maize”
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