Abstract
Contamination of soil with copper (Cu) is widespread because of industrialization, use of copper-based fertilizers and natural weathering of rocks. Copper (Cu) toxicity in agricultural lands is a growing global concern, but not a single study has been conducted till now on its alleviation by the synergistic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), biochar (BC) and seaweed extract (SWE) in hemp. For this purpose, pot trial was conducted to evaluate various treatments i.e., BC addition [with BC and without BC] and soil application of AMF and various levels of SWE (T 0 = control, T 1 = AMF 10 g per pot, T 2 = SWE 1 g L −1 ; T 3 = SWE 3 g L −1 ; T 4 = T 1 + T 2 ; T 5 = T 1 + T 3 ) on the hemp productivity and Cu accumulation grown under artificially spiked Cu stressed soil (300 mg kg −1 ). Finding revealed that spiking of Cu significantly modulates the growth, biomass, photosynthetic and Cu accumulation attributes of hemp plant. A linear decrease in the leaves dry weight (45.50 %), stem diameter (21.70 %), total chlorophyll contents (54.33 %) while increase in the enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative stress and Cu accumulation attributes was noticed under Cu stressed soil. The simultaneous application of BC, AMF and SWE resulted in substantial enhancements in growth and biomass traits in comparison to untreated Cu-exposed plants. Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants application effectively reduced hydrogen per oxide (H 2 O 2 ) production (50.83 %), proline accumulation (45.66 %) and generation of malondialdehyde (43.43 %), while increasing osmolytes accumulation i.e., soluble sugars (52.75 %) and soluble protein (87.15 %) in comparison with control. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of all biostimulants minimized the Cu accumulation in the hemp. Specifically, the cumulative impact Cu stress was mitigated by combined approach BC, AMF and SWE treatments, which increased growth, biomass, antioxidant enzyme activity, and osmoprotectants levels by limiting Cu accumulation. The combined novel approach of BC, AMF and SWE holds a practical approach for the alleviation of Cu stress for hemp production. This approach provides a comprehensive solution for successful hemp cultivation in Cu-contaminated soil, and thus, for remediating Cu contaminated soil. • Metal toxicity is the major factor affecting the hemp growth. • Cu stress enhanced the enzymatic antioxidant and oxidative stress activities in hemp. • Synergistic approach of biostimulants alleviate the Cu stress in hemp. • Combined application of BC, AMF and SWE is novel approach for mitigation of Cu stress.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cu stress decreased leaf dry weight by 45.50 % in hemp.
- Taxon
- hemp
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativat0 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Cu stressed soile1
- Outcome
- leaves dry weighte1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 45.50 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e1“A linear decrease in the leaves dry weight (45.50 %), stem diameter (21.70 %), total chlorophyll contents (54.33 %) while increase in the enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative stress and Cu accumulation attributes was noticed under Cu stressed soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu stress decreased stem diameter by 21.70 % in hemp.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Organ / stage
- steme1
- Treatment
- Cu stressed soile1
- Outcome
- stem diametere1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 21.70 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e1“A linear decrease in the leaves dry weight (45.50 %), stem diameter (21.70 %), total chlorophyll contents (54.33 %) while increase in the enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative stress and Cu accumulation attributes was noticed under Cu stressed soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu stress decreased total chlorophyll contents by 54.33 % in hemp.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Cu stressed soile1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contentse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 54.33 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e1“A linear decrease in the leaves dry weight (45.50 %), stem diameter (21.70 %), total chlorophyll contents (54.33 %) while increase in the enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative stress and Cu accumulation attributes was noticed under Cu stressed soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu stress increased enzymatic antioxidants in hemp.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Cu stressed soile1
- Outcome
- enzymatic antioxidantse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e1“A linear decrease in the leaves dry weight (45.50 %), stem diameter (21.70 %), total chlorophyll contents (54.33 %) while increase in the enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative stress and Cu accumulation attributes was noticed under Cu stressed soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu stress increased oxidative stress in hemp.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Cu stressed soile1
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e1“A linear decrease in the leaves dry weight (45.50 %), stem diameter (21.70 %), total chlorophyll contents (54.33 %) while increase in the enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative stress and Cu accumulation attributes was noticed under Cu stressed soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu stress increased Cu accumulation attributes in hemp.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Cu stressed soile1
- Outcome
- Cu accumulation attributese1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e1“A linear decrease in the leaves dry weight (45.50 %), stem diameter (21.70 %), total chlorophyll contents (54.33 %) while increase in the enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative stress and Cu accumulation attributes was noticed under Cu stressed soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous application of BC, AMF and SWE substantially enhanced growth and biomass traits compared with untreated Cu-exposed plants.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application of BC, AMF and SWEe2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and biomass traitse2
- Direction
- enhancementse2
- Qualifier
- substantiale2
- Comparator
- untreated Cu-exposed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e2“The simultaneous application of BC, AMF and SWE resulted in substantial enhancements in growth and biomass traits in comparison to untreated Cu-exposed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic biostimulant approach reduced hydrogen peroxide production by 50.83 % relative to control.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants applicatione3
- Outcome
- hydrogen per oxide (H 2 O 2 ) productione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 50.83 %e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e3“Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants application effectively reduced hydrogen per oxide (H 2 O 2 ) production (50.83 %), proline accumulation (45.66 %) and generation of malondialdehyde (43.43 %), while increasing osmolytes accumulation i.e., soluble sugars (52.75 %) and soluble protein (87.15 %) in comparison with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic biostimulant approach reduced proline accumulation by 45.66 % relative to control.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants applicatione3
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 45.66 %e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e3“Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants application effectively reduced hydrogen per oxide (H 2 O 2 ) production (50.83 %), proline accumulation (45.66 %) and generation of malondialdehyde (43.43 %), while increasing osmolytes accumulation i.e., soluble sugars (52.75 %) and soluble protein (87.15 %) in comparison with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic biostimulant approach reduced malondialdehyde generation by 43.43 % relative to control.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants applicatione3
- Outcome
- generation of malondialdehydee3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 43.43 %e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e3“Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants application effectively reduced hydrogen per oxide (H 2 O 2 ) production (50.83 %), proline accumulation (45.66 %) and generation of malondialdehyde (43.43 %), while increasing osmolytes accumulation i.e., soluble sugars (52.75 %) and soluble protein (87.15 %) in comparison with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic biostimulant approach increased soluble sugars by 52.75 % relative to control.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants applicatione3
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse3
- Direction
- increasinge3
- Value
- 52.75 %e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e3“Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants application effectively reduced hydrogen per oxide (H 2 O 2 ) production (50.83 %), proline accumulation (45.66 %) and generation of malondialdehyde (43.43 %), while increasing osmolytes accumulation i.e., soluble sugars (52.75 %) and soluble protein (87.15 %) in comparison with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic biostimulant approach increased soluble protein by 87.15 % relative to control.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants applicatione3
- Outcome
- soluble proteine3
- Direction
- increasinge3
- Value
- 87.15 %e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“copper tolerance in hemp”
e3“Synergistic approach of all the biostimulants application effectively reduced hydrogen per oxide (H 2 O 2 ) production (50.83 %), proline accumulation (45.66 %) and generation of malondialdehyde (43.43 %), while increasing osmolytes accumulation i.e., soluble sugars (52.75 %) and soluble protein (87.15 %) in comparison with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic effect of all biostimulants minimized Cu accumulation in hemp.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativae4
- Treatment
- synergistic effect of all biostimulantse4
- Outcome
- Cu accumulatione4
- Direction
- minimizede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Furthermore, the synergistic effect of all biostimulants minimized the Cu accumulation in the hemp”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined BC, AMF and SWE approach is a practical option for alleviating Cu stress in hemp production.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativae5
- Treatment
- combined novel approach of BC, AMF and SWEe5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- alleviation of Cu stresse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The combined novel approach of BC, AMF and SWE holds a practical approach for the alleviation of Cu stress for hemp production”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.