Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), an endogenous amino acid widely found in living organisms, has important functions in plants such as regulating growth and development, maintaining carbon and nitrogen nutrient balance, and coping with adversity. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABA on the growth, antioxidant metabolism, and GABA shunt metabolism of tall fescue under 20 μmol/L Cd stress, using tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions. The results showed that (1) applying GABA for 3, 7, 11, and 15 d under Cd stress inhibited Cd transport from roots to leaves and promoted plant height, alleviating the effects of Cd stress on plant growth. (2) Exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABA had an interesting regulatory effect on the activation of the antioxidant enzyme system induced by stress at different stages, which was accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and alleviated the degree of cell membrane lipid peroxidation under cadmium stress. Specifically, peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity reactions initially responded on the 3rd and 7th days of stress, and the changes in catalase (CAT) enzyme activities concentrated on the 11th and 15th days of the later stage. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme was active throughout the whole stress period in the roots. Multiple factorial analyses further proved that the antioxidant pathway strongly influenced the survival and growth of tall fescue under stress in the presence of GABA. (3) Application of exogenous GABA activated the branching pathway for GABA synthesis from Glu decarboxylation (GABA shunt) with a higher contribution in the leaves, which induced changes in glutamate content, and plants maintained a higher endogenous GABA content and signal to regulate the plant antioxidant system and reduce cell membrane damage, thus improving the tolerance of plants to Cd stress.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
GABA inhibited cadmium transport from roots to leaves under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinacea
Lolium arundinaceume1 - Material
- Ruby IIe1
- Treatment
- applying GABA for 3, 7, 11, and 15 d under Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd transport from roots to leavese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Setting
- hydroponics conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying GABA for 3, 7, 11, and 15 d under Cd stress inhibited Cd transport from roots to leaves”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA promoted tall fescue plant height under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- applying GABA for 3, 7, 11, and 15 d under Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying GABA for 3, 7, 11, and 15 d under Cd stress inhibited Cd transport from roots to leaves and promoted plant height”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GABA reduced malondialdehyde content under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- Exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABAe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABA had an interesting regulatory effect on the activation of the antioxidant enzyme system induced by stress at different stages, which was accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA alleviated cell membrane lipid peroxidation under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume2
- Treatment
- Exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABAe1
- Outcome
- cell membrane lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviated the degree of cell membrane lipid peroxidation under cadmium stress”
e1“Exogenous 0.5 mmol/L GABA”
e2“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
POD activity responded on days 3 and 7 of stress.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Gene
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- enzyme activity reactions initially respondede0
- Qualifier
- 3rd and 7th days of stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity reactions initially responded on the 3rd and 7th days of stress”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT activity changes concentrated on days 11 and 15.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Qualifier
- 11th and 15th dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“changes in catalase (CAT) enzyme activities concentrated on the 11th and 15th days of the later stage”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Root APX was active throughout the stress period.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- Ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Outcome
- active throughout the whole stress periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme was active throughout the whole stress period in the roots”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Factorial analysis linked the antioxidant pathway strongly to survival and growth under GABA and stress.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- survival and growth of tall fescuee0
- Qualifier
- antioxidant pathwaye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the antioxidant pathway strongly influenced the survival and growth of tall fescue under stress in the presence of GABA”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GABA activated the GABA shunt, with a higher contribution in leaves.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe0
- Outcome
- branching pathway for GABA synthesis from Glu decarboxylation (GABA shunt)e0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of exogenous GABA activated the branching pathway for GABA synthesis from Glu decarboxylation (GABA shunt) with a higher contribution in the leaves”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA shunt activation induced changes in glutamate content.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume2
- Outcome
- changes in glutamate contente0
- Qualifier
- GABA shunte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which induced changes in glutamate content”
e1“Application of exogenous GABA activated the branching pathway for GABA synthesis from Glu decarboxylation (GABA shunt)”
e2“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants maintained higher endogenous GABA content and signal.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Outcome
- endogenous GABA content and signale0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants maintained a higher endogenous GABA content and signal”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors link elevated GABA signalling to antioxidant regulation, lower membrane damage, and improved cadmium tolerance.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume1
- Compound
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- tolerance of plants to Cd stresse0
- Qualifier
- regulate the plant antioxidant system and reduce cell membrane damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher endogenous GABA content and signal to regulate the plant antioxidant system and reduce cell membrane damage, thus improving the tolerance of plants to Cd stress”
e1“tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) ‘Ruby II’ under hydroponics conditions”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
heavy metal · growth · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.