Abstract
ABSTRACT Lodging is a major factor limiting soybean yield in maize–soybean intercropping system (IS). Potassium fertilisation significantly enhances the lodging resistance index by promoting dry matter accumulation in soybean. However, the physiological mechanisms through which potassium affects the lodging resistance index remain unclear, particularly under different planting systems. In this study, we analysed the relationships between photosynthetic characteristics, root system, stem physiology, stem morphological characteristics, dry matter and lodging resistance index of soybean based on field experiments. The soybean cultivar Jinong 40 was used in both maize–soybean intercropping (maize: soybean as 6:6) and monoculture soybean systems (MS) in a two‐year field experiment (2022–2023), with five potassium fertilisation levels (0 kg ha −1 , 30 kg ha −1 , 60 kg ha −1 , 90 kg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1 ). Potassium application significantly improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation, stem lignin synthesis enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, tyrosine ammonia‐lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), lodging resistance index and grain yield, regardless of the planting system. However, no significant differences in lodging resistance index or grain yield were observed between the potassium rates of 90 kg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1 . Compared to 0 kg ha −1 , increased potassium rates increased stem diameter by 17.8% and 15.5%, while the ratio of stem length to stem diameter ratio (L/D) decreased by 27.2% and 26.8% in maize–soybean intercropping and monoculture soybean systems, respectively. Across the high potassium inputs (90 kg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1 ), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (2.6%) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (3.9%) were higher in the maize–soybean intercropping system compared to the monoculture soybean system. For the two planting patterns, the lodging resistance index was found to be more dependent on stem enzyme activity (93.5% for IS and 75.3% for MS) and L/D ratio (−81.0% for IS and −83.8% for MS), rather than stem length or root characteristics. We conclude that potassium application optimises stem diameter, enhances stem lignin synthesis and reduces the L/D ratio, therefore improving the soybean lodging resistance index and yield, especially in the maize–soybean intercropping system.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium application significantly improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation, stem lignin synthesis enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, tyrosine ammonia‐lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), lodging resistance index and grain yield, regardless of the planting system”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium application significantly improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation, stem lignin synthesis enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, tyrosine ammonia‐lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), lodging resistance index and grain yield, regardless of the planting system”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased stem lignin synthesis enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- stem lignin synthesis enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium application significantly improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation, stem lignin synthesis enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, tyrosine ammonia‐lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), lodging resistance index and grain yield, regardless of the planting system”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased lodging resistance index.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium application significantly improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation, stem lignin synthesis enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, tyrosine ammonia‐lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), lodging resistance index and grain yield, regardless of the planting system”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased grain yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium application significantly improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation, stem lignin synthesis enzyme activity (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, tyrosine ammonia‐lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), lodging resistance index and grain yield, regardless of the planting system”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging resistance did not differ significantly between 90 and 120 kg ha −1 potassium.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 90 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance indexe0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- 120 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences in lodging resistance index or grain yield were observed between the potassium rates of 90 kg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield did not differ significantly between 90 and 120 kg ha −1 potassium.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 90 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- 120 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant differences in lodging resistance index or grain yield were observed between the potassium rates of 90 kg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased soybean stem diameter by 17.8% in intercropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- increased potassium ratese0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.8%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg ha −1e0
- Setting
- maize–soybean intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to 0 kg ha −1 , increased potassium rates increased stem diameter by 17.8% and 15.5%, while the ratio of stem length to stem diameter ratio (L/D) decreased by 27.2% and 26.8% in maize–soybean intercropping and monoculture soybean systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium increased soybean stem diameter by 15.5% in monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- increased potassium ratese0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.5%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg ha −1e0
- Setting
- monoculture soybean systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to 0 kg ha −1 , increased potassium rates increased stem diameter by 17.8% and 15.5%, while the ratio of stem length to stem diameter ratio (L/D) decreased by 27.2% and 26.8% in maize–soybean intercropping and monoculture soybean systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium reduced L/D by 27.2% in intercropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- increased potassium ratese0
- Outcome
- ratio of stem length to stem diameter ratio (L/D)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27.2%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg ha −1e0
- Setting
- maize–soybean intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to 0 kg ha −1 , increased potassium rates increased stem diameter by 17.8% and 15.5%, while the ratio of stem length to stem diameter ratio (L/D) decreased by 27.2% and 26.8% in maize–soybean intercropping and monoculture soybean systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium reduced L/D by 26.8% in monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- increased potassium ratese0
- Outcome
- ratio of stem length to stem diameter ratio (L/D)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26.8%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg ha −1e0
- Setting
- monoculture soybean systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to 0 kg ha −1 , increased potassium rates increased stem diameter by 17.8% and 15.5%, while the ratio of stem length to stem diameter ratio (L/D) decreased by 27.2% and 26.8% in maize–soybean intercropping and monoculture soybean systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At high potassium inputs, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase was 2.6% higher in intercropping than monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia‐lyasee0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia‐lyasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.6%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture soybean systeme0
- Setting
- maize–soybean intercropping systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across the high potassium inputs (90 kg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1 ), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (2.6%) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (3.9%) were higher in the maize–soybean intercropping system compared to the monoculture soybean system”
Claim · model-written summary
At high potassium inputs, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase was 3.9% higher in intercropping than monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Gene
- cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.9%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture soybean systeme0
- Setting
- maize–soybean intercropping systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across the high potassium inputs (90 kg ha −1 and 120 kg ha −1 ), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (2.6%) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (3.9%) were higher in the maize–soybean intercropping system compared to the monoculture soybean system”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging resistance index depended on stem enzyme activity at 93.5% in intercropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance indexe0
- Value
- 93.5%e0
- Setting
- ISe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lodging resistance index was found to be more dependent on stem enzyme activity (93.5% for IS and 75.3% for MS)”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging resistance index depended on stem enzyme activity at 75.3% in monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance indexe0
- Value
- 75.3%e0
- Setting
- MSe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lodging resistance index was found to be more dependent on stem enzyme activity (93.5% for IS and 75.3% for MS)”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
The L/D relation with lodging resistance index was −81.0% in intercropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- steme1
- Outcome
- lodging resistance indexe0
- Value
- −81.0%e0
- Setting
- ISe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lodging resistance index was found to be more dependent on stem enzyme activity (93.5% for IS and 75.3% for MS) and L/D ratio (−81.0% for IS and −83.8% for MS)”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
e1“rather than stem length or root characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
The L/D relation with lodging resistance index was −83.8% in monoculture.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- steme1
- Outcome
- lodging resistance indexe0
- Value
- −83.8%e0
- Setting
- MSe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lodging resistance index was found to be more dependent on stem enzyme activity (93.5% for IS and 75.3% for MS) and L/D ratio (−81.0% for IS and −83.8% for MS)”
t0“Soybean Yield in Maize‐Soybean Intercropping”
e1“rather than stem length or root characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude potassium improves lodging resistance and yield through stem diameter, lignin synthesis and L/D.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- soybean lodging resistance index and yielde0
- Qualifier
- stem diameter, enhances stem lignin synthesis and reduces the L/D ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium application optimises stem diameter, enhances stem lignin synthesis and reduces the L/D ratio, therefore improving the soybean lodging resistance index and yield”
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