Abstract
Carbon dots, are now considered safe, environment-friendly materials. Spermidine carbon dots (Spd-CDs) have been used as new agrochemicals for abiotic stress, but in-depth studies of salt stress remain scarce. Here, foliar application of Spd-CDs improved salt stress tolerance in tomatoes, and the beneficial effects were concentration-dependent. Tomato seedlings supplied with Spd-CDs (3.0 mg/L) had a greater height, a higher maximum quantum yield of PSII, and a higher net photosynthetic rate than controls after being exposed to 120 mM NaCl for 7 d. Molecular evidence showed that Spd-CDs promoted H 2 O 2 molecule production by inducing the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homolog 1 ( rboh1 ) and polyamine oxidase 5 ( pao5 ), thus causing H 2 O 2 molecule production and conferring resistance to salt stress. The role of RBOH1- and PAO5-dependent H 2 O 2 molecule generation was evaluated by manipulating endogenous H 2 O 2 levels and in rboh1 and pao5 mutants. Spd-CDs-meditated H 2 O 2 regulation of salt tolerance could be articulated by reducing iron deficiency, maintaining ion homeostasis, and reducing root-to-shoot Na + loading. Overall, the ROS signal molecule produced by RBOH1 and PAO5 protein was involved in the control of salt tolerance by Spd-CDs. These findings demonstrate that Spd-CDs are an effective and durable strategy to improve plant performance under salt stress, and to increase food security and quality. • Spermidine carbon dots (Spd-CDs)-improved salt tolerance exhibits dose dependence • Spd-CDs confers resistance to salt stress by inducing H 2 O 2 production • Respiratory burst oxidase 1 and polyamine oxidase 5 was involved in the control of salt tolerance by Spd-CDs • Spd-CDs can perform as an eco-friendly measure in agriculture
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Spd-CDs improved salt stress tolerance in tomato in a concentration-dependent way.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Treatment
- foliar application of Spd-CDse2
- Outcome
- salt stress tolerancee2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Qualifier
- concentration-dependente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Here, foliar application of Spd-CDs improved salt stress tolerance in tomatoes, and the beneficial effects were concentration-dependent”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd-CDs at 3.0 mg/L gave tomato seedlings greater height than controls under 120 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- Spd-CDs (3.0 mg/L)e3
- Outcome
- heighte3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Qualifier
- after being exposed to 120 mM NaCl for 7 de3
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Tomato seedlings supplied with Spd-CDs (3.0 mg/L) had a greater height, a higher maximum quantum yield of PSII, and a higher net photosynthetic rate than controls after being exposed to 120 mM NaCl for 7 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd-CDs at 3.0 mg/L gave tomato seedlings a higher maximum quantum yield of PSII than controls under 120 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- Spd-CDs (3.0 mg/L)e3
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield of PSIIe3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- after being exposed to 120 mM NaCl for 7 de3
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Tomato seedlings supplied with Spd-CDs (3.0 mg/L) had a greater height, a higher maximum quantum yield of PSII, and a higher net photosynthetic rate than controls after being exposed to 120 mM NaCl for 7 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd-CDs at 3.0 mg/L gave tomato seedlings a higher net photosynthetic rate than controls under 120 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- Spd-CDs (3.0 mg/L)e3
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- after being exposed to 120 mM NaCl for 7 de3
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Tomato seedlings supplied with Spd-CDs (3.0 mg/L) had a greater height, a higher maximum quantum yield of PSII, and a higher net photosynthetic rate than controls after being exposed to 120 mM NaCl for 7 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd-CDs promoted H2O2 production by inducing expression of rboh1 and pao5 in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Spd-CDse4
- Gene
- respiratory burst oxidase homolog 1 ( rboh1 )e4
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 molecule productione4
- Direction
- promotede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Here, foliar application of Spd-CDs improved salt stress tolerance in tomatoes, and the beneficial effects were concentration-dependent”
e4“Molecular evidence showed that Spd-CDs promoted H 2 O 2 molecule production by inducing the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homolog 1 ( rboh1 ) and polyamine oxidase 5 ( pao5 )”
Claim · model-written summary
RBOH1 and PAO5 protein-produced ROS signal molecules were involved in the control of salt tolerance by Spd-CDs.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Gene
- RBOH1 and PAO5 proteine5
- Outcome
- control of salt tolerancee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Here, foliar application of Spd-CDs improved salt stress tolerance in tomatoes, and the beneficial effects were concentration-dependent”
e5“Overall, the ROS signal molecule produced by RBOH1 and PAO5 protein was involved in the control of salt tolerance by Spd-CDs”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd-CDs-mediated H2O2 regulation of salt tolerance may work by reducing iron deficiency, maintaining ion homeostasis and reducing root-to-shoot Na+ loading.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee6
- Qualifier
- reducing iron deficiency, maintaining ion homeostasis, and reducing root-to-shoot Na + loadinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Here, foliar application of Spd-CDs improved salt stress tolerance in tomatoes, and the beneficial effects were concentration-dependent”
e6“Spd-CDs-meditated H 2 O 2 regulation of salt tolerance could be articulated by reducing iron deficiency, maintaining ion homeostasis, and reducing root-to-shoot Na + loading”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd-CDs are an effective and durable strategy to improve plant performance under salt stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Outcome
- plant performance under salt stresse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Here, foliar application of Spd-CDs improved salt stress tolerance in tomatoes, and the beneficial effects were concentration-dependent”
e7“These findings demonstrate that Spd-CDs are an effective and durable strategy to improve plant performance under salt stress”
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