Abstract
In order to investigate the relationship between root characteristics and starch properties of rice at grain filling stage in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River under different integrative cultivation practices techniques, field experiments were carried out with Yongyou 2640, Wuyunjing 24, Yangdao 6, and Jinxiangyu 1 as the experimental materials. Five cultivation techniques were set up, including nitrogen blank area (0N), local farmers’ practice (control), densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer. The results showed that compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively. At the same time, we also observed that with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased. Correlation analysis showed that the morphological and physiological characteristics of roots at grain filling stage were closely related to grain yield and starch properties. It indicated that the integration and optimization of cultivation practices might improve rice quality through regulating the growth of underground roots, and finally achieve the goals of high yield, good quality and high efficiency.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
densification and nitrogen reduction increased Yongyou 2640 yield by 6.49% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Yongyou 2640e0
- Treatment
- densification and nitrogen reductione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.49%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
alternate wetting and drying irrigation increased Yongyou 2640 yield by 11.06% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Yongyou 2640e0
- Treatment
- alternate wetting and drying irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.06%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased Yongyou 2640 yield by 12.72% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Yongyou 2640e0
- Treatment
- increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.72%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
densification and nitrogen reduction increased Wuyunjing 24 yield by 1.92% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Wuyunjing 24e0
- Treatment
- densification and nitrogen reductione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.92%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
alternate wetting and drying irrigation increased Wuyunjing 24 yield by 11.10% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Wuyunjing 24e0
- Treatment
- alternate wetting and drying irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.10%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased Wuyunjing 24 yield by 17.05% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Wuyunjing 24e0
- Treatment
- increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.05%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
densification and nitrogen reduction increased Yangdao 6 yield by 9.30% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Yangdao 6e0
- Treatment
- densification and nitrogen reductione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.30%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
alternate wetting and drying irrigation increased Yangdao 6 yield by 18.50% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Yangdao 6e0
- Treatment
- alternate wetting and drying irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.50%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased Yangdao 6 yield by 22.89% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Yangdao 6e0
- Treatment
- increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.89%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
densification and nitrogen reduction increased Jinxiangyu1 yield by 6.92% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Jinxiangyu1e0
- Treatment
- densification and nitrogen reductione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.92%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
alternate wetting and drying irrigation increased Jinxiangyu1 yield by 14.72% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Jinxiangyu1e0
- Treatment
- alternate wetting and drying irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.72%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased Jinxiangyu1 yield by 17.89% relative to local farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Jinxiangyu1e0
- Treatment
- increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.89%e0
- Comparator
- local farmers’ practice (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
root dry weight, root length, root diameter gradually increased with integrated cultivation optimization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integration and optimization of cultivation practicese1
- Outcome
- root dry weight, root length, root diametere1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity gradually increased with integrated cultivation optimization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integration and optimization of cultivation practicese1
- Outcome
- root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensitye1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap gradually increased with integrated cultivation optimization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integration and optimization of cultivation practicese1
- Outcome
- zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sape1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
total organic acid content in exudates gradually increased with integrated cultivation optimization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integration and optimization of cultivation practicese1
- Outcome
- total organic acid content in exudatese1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains gradually increased with integrated cultivation optimization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integration and optimization of cultivation practicese1
- Outcome
- activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grainse1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown gradually increased with integrated cultivation optimization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integration and optimization of cultivation practicese1
- Outcome
- peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdowne1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased with integrated cultivation optimization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integration and optimization of cultivation practicese1
- Outcome
- final viscosity, solubility and swelling degreee1
- Direction
- gradually increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root characteristics at grain filling were closely related to grain yield and starch properties.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots at grain filling stagee2
- Outcome
- grain yield and starch propertiese2
- Qualifier
- closely relatede2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e2“the morphological and physiological characteristics of roots at grain filling stage were closely related to grain yield and starch properties.”
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