Abstract
Natural preservation methods have grown in prominence and demand as a means of preserving fruits and prolonging their shelf life rather than synthetic additions. Therefore, this study is directed to investigate carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) loaded with frankincense and zinc ions nanoemulsion as food coating material to assess their antifungal activity and efficacy in protecting the quality of Valencia orange during storage. The nanoemulsions were synthesized using the solvent evaporation technique and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal activity was tested both in vitro and in vivo against the harmful fungus Penicillium commune and Aspergillus niger. Fresh mature oranges were coated with different prepared nanoemulsions. Biochemical parameters (total soluble solids percentage, total acidity, and ascorbic acid content), and physical parameters (weight loss, decay percentage, and firmness) were tested at different time intervals up to 180 days. The TEM results illustrate the presence of agglomerated nanoparticles of frankincense and the effect of zinc in the separation and formation of well-dispersed nanoparticles with an average diameter of 28.7±14nm. The in vitro antifungal activity results indicated that the nanoemulsion of CMC loaded with zinc and frankincense showed maximum activity against Penicillium commune with an inhibition efficiency of 33.3% followed by Aspergillus niger with an inhibition efficiency of 28.4%. Moreover, in-vivo antifungal activity showed the pronounced effect of CMC loaded with Zn and frankincense against the prevention of growth of both pathogens with weak growth of Aspergillus niger was observed after 30 days. The biochemical properties of Valencia orange, including total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, and vitamin C content, exhibited significant improvements when treated with the zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsion. Additionally, weight loss and decay percentage were significantly reduced, while fruit firmness was notably enhanced, indicating improved structural integrity and extended freshness. These improvements suggest that nanoemulsion effectively enhances cold storage preservation by maintaining the fruit’s physicochemical quality over a storage period of up to 180 days. These findings underscore the potential of CMC-based nanoemulsions as a promising strategy for prolonging the shelf life and preserving the quality of Valencia orange under refrigerated conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The nanoemulsion particles had an average diameter of 28.7±14nm.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“with an average diameter of 28.7±14nm”
Claim · model-written summary
The CMC nanoemulsion loaded with zinc and frankincense showed maximum antifungal activity against Penicillium commune, inhibition efficiency 33.3%.
- Taxon
- Valencia orange
Citrus sinensist0 - Treatment
- nanoemulsion of CMC loaded with zinc and frankincensee1
- Interactor
- Penicillium commune
Penicillium communee1pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition efficiencye1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 33.3%e1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e1“The in vitro antifungal activity results indicated that the nanoemulsion of CMC loaded with zinc and frankincense showed maximum activity against Penicillium commune with an inhibition efficiency of 33.3% followed by Aspergillus niger with an inhibition efficiency of 28.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
The CMC nanoemulsion loaded with zinc and frankincense showed inhibition efficiency 28.4% against Aspergillus niger, followed by the value against Penicillium commune.
- Taxon
- Valencia orangeCitrus sinensist0
- Treatment
- nanoemulsion of CMC loaded with zinc and frankincensee1
- Interactor
- Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus nigere1pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition efficiencye1
- Direction
- followed bye1
- Value
- 28.4%e1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e1“The in vitro antifungal activity results indicated that the nanoemulsion of CMC loaded with zinc and frankincense showed maximum activity against Penicillium commune with an inhibition efficiency of 33.3% followed by Aspergillus niger with an inhibition efficiency of 28.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
In vivo, CMC loaded with Zn and frankincense prevented growth of both pathogens on oranges.
- Taxon
- Valencia orangeCitrus sinensist0
- Treatment
- CMC loaded with Zn and frankincensee2
- Outcome
- prevention of growth of both pathogense2
- Direction
- preventione2
- Setting
- in-vivoe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e2“in-vivo antifungal activity showed the pronounced effect of CMC loaded with Zn and frankincense against the prevention of growth of both pathogens with weak growth of Aspergillus niger was observed after 30 days”
Claim · model-written summary
In vivo, weak growth of Aspergillus niger was observed after 30 days with CMC loaded with Zn and frankincense.
- Taxon
- Valencia orangeCitrus sinensist0
- Treatment
- CMC loaded with Zn and frankincensee2
- Interactor
- Aspergillus nigerAspergillus nigere2pathogen
- Outcome
- weak growth of Aspergillus nigere2
- Direction
- weake2
- Qualifier
- after 30 dayse2
- Setting
- in-vivoe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e2“in-vivo antifungal activity showed the pronounced effect of CMC loaded with Zn and frankincense against the prevention of growth of both pathogens with weak growth of Aspergillus niger was observed after 30 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating with the zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsion significantly reduced weight loss and decay percentage of Valencia orange.
- Taxon
- Valencia orangeCitrus sinensist0
- Treatment
- zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsione1
- Outcome
- weight loss and decay percentagee2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e1“The biochemical properties of Valencia orange, including total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, and vitamin C content, exhibited significant improvements when treated with the zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsion”
e2“Additionally, weight loss and decay percentage were significantly reduced, while fruit firmness was notably enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating with the zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsion notably enhanced fruit firmness of Valencia orange.
- Taxon
- Valencia orangeCitrus sinensist0
- Treatment
- zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsione1
- Outcome
- fruit firmnesse2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e1“The biochemical properties of Valencia orange, including total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, and vitamin C content, exhibited significant improvements when treated with the zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsion”
e2“Additionally, weight loss and decay percentage were significantly reduced, while fruit firmness was notably enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids, acidity and vitamin C content of Valencia orange showed significant improvements with the zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsion.
- Taxon
- Valencia orangeCitrus sinensist0
- Treatment
- zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsione1
- Outcome
- total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, and vitamin C contente1
- Direction
- significant improvementse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e1“The biochemical properties of Valencia orange, including total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, and vitamin C content, exhibited significant improvements when treated with the zinc and frankincense-loaded CMC nanoemulsion”
Claim · model-written summary
The nanoemulsion coating effectively enhances cold storage preservation of Valencia orange over up to 180 days (author suggestion).
- Taxon
- Valencia orangeCitrus sinensist0
- Treatment
- nanoemulsione0
- Outcome
- cold storage preservatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Preparation and Characterization of Zinc and Frankincense-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanoemulsions: Their Impact on Antifungal Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Shelf-Life Extension of Valencia Orange”
e0“These improvements suggest that nanoemulsion effectively enhances cold storage preservation by maintaining the fruit’s physicochemical quality over a storage period of up to 180 days”
The same questions in other papers
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.