Abstract
Due to the limitations and high cost of chemical fertilizers, in addition to their negative effects on medicinal plants—especially pharmaceutical ones—two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants. Azolla, mycorrhizae, and chitosan were applied alone or in combination with EDTA-Zinc. The growth traits were enhanced by foliar application of chitosan in terms of the number of leaves, heads, and seeds per head or plant, as well as chlorophyll content, while fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zinc resulted in the maximum values of leaf length, flower stem length, fresh leaf weight, and seeds per plant, and significantly improved the oil yield per plant. The highest percent of oil (25.27% and 25.33%) was obtained from seeds of plants treated with mycorrhizae plus zinc in the two seasons. Additionally, the same treatment gave the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in cardoon leaves. The major constituents of the fixed oil were linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. The highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids was found in azolla liquid and mycorrhizae treatments. Our findings indicated that the application of azolla, mycorrhizae, and chitosan can be used alone or as a complement to EDTA-Zinc to enhance growth, oil percentage, and oil yield in cardoon plants. Applying these biofertilizers had a significant effect by accelerating plant growth.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of chitosan enhanced the number of leaves, heads, and seeds per head or plant of cardoon.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus
Cynara cardunculuse0 - Treatment
- foliar application of chitosane1
- Outcome
- number of leaves, heads, and seeds per head or plante1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Setting
- two-season field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e1“The growth traits were enhanced by foliar application of chitosan in terms of the number of leaves, heads, and seeds per head or plant, as well as chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of chitosan enhanced chlorophyll content of cardoon.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- foliar application of chitosane1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Setting
- two-season field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e1“The growth traits were enhanced by foliar application of chitosan in terms of the number of leaves, heads, and seeds per head or plant, as well as chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zinc gave the maximum leaf length, flower stem length and fresh leaf weight of cardoon.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zince2
- Outcome
- leaf length, flower stem length, fresh leaf weighte2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Setting
- two-season field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e2“while fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zinc resulted in the maximum values of leaf length, flower stem length, fresh leaf weight, and seeds per plant, and significantly improved the oil yield per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zinc gave the maximum number of seeds per plant of cardoon.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zince2
- Outcome
- seeds per plante2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Setting
- two-season field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e2“while fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zinc resulted in the maximum values of leaf length, flower stem length, fresh leaf weight, and seeds per plant, and significantly improved the oil yield per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zinc significantly improved the oil yield per plant of cardoon.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zince2
- Outcome
- oil yield per plante2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Setting
- two-season field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e2“while fertilization with azolla powder plus EDTA-Zinc resulted in the maximum values of leaf length, flower stem length, fresh leaf weight, and seeds per plant, and significantly improved the oil yield per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae plus zinc gave the highest seed oil percentage of cardoon, 25.27% and 25.33% in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- seedse3
- Treatment
- mycorrhizae plus zince3
- Outcome
- percent of oile3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 25.27% and 25.33%e3
- Setting
- two-season field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e3“The highest percent of oil (25.27% and 25.33%) was obtained from seeds of plants treated with mycorrhizae plus zinc in the two seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae plus zinc gave the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in cardoon leaves.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- mycorrhizae plus zince3
- Outcome
- levels of phenolic and flavonoid compoundse4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e3“The highest percent of oil (25.27% and 25.33%) was obtained from seeds of plants treated with mycorrhizae plus zinc in the two seasons”
e4“Additionally, the same treatment gave the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in cardoon leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The major constituents of the fixed oil of cardoon were linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- major constituents of the fixed oile5
- Qualifier
- linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acide5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e5“The major constituents of the fixed oil were linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla liquid gave the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids in cardoon oil.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- azolla liquide6
- Outcome
- amount of unsaturated fatty acidse6
- Direction
- higheste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e6“The highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids was found in azolla liquid and mycorrhizae treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae gave the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids in cardoon oil.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizaee6
- Outcome
- amount of unsaturated fatty acidse6
- Direction
- higheste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e6“The highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids was found in azolla liquid and mycorrhizae treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying azolla, mycorrhizae and chitosan alone or with EDTA-Zinc to enhance growth, oil percentage and oil yield of cardoon.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- application of azolla, mycorrhizae, and chitosane7
- Outcome
- growth, oil percentage, and oil yielde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e7“Our findings indicated that the application of azolla, mycorrhizae, and chitosan can be used alone or as a complement to EDTA-Zinc to enhance growth, oil percentage, and oil yield in cardoon plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying the biofertilizers had a significant effect by accelerating cardoon plant growth.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Applying these biofertilizerse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- acceleratinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-season field experiments were conducted in clay loam soil to evaluate the efficacy of azolla, mycorrhizae, chitosan, or EDTA-Zinc on the growth, oil content, and chemical analysis of Cynara cardunculus plants”
e1“Applying these biofertilizers had a significant effect by accelerating plant growth”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 14 papers →application · physiology: pigments · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
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mycorrhiza · quality: phytochemicals · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
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botanical · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.