Abstract
Anthocyanins are important phenolic compounds in grape skins, affecting the color, oxidation resistance, and aging ability of red wine. In recent years, global warming has had a negative effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries. Ethylene serves as a crucial phytohormone regulating the development and ripening processes of fruit; however, the specific molecular mechanism and the regulatory network between ethylene signaling and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway remain incompletely understood. In this study, 400 mg/L ethephon (ETH) solution was sprayed onto the surface of grape berries at the lag phase (EL-34), and the changes in anthocyanin-related genes and metabolites were explored through transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that ETH treatment increased Brix and pH in mature berries. In total, 35 individual anthocyanins were detected, in which 21 individual anthocyanins were enhanced by ETH treatment. However, the anthocyanin profile was not affected by exogenous ethylene. Transcriptomics analysis showed that there were a total of 825 and 1399 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 h and 24 h after treatment. Moreover, key structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway were strongly induced, including VvPAL, VvCHS, VvF3H, VvF3′5′H, VvDFR and VvUFGT. At the maturity stage (EL-38), the expression levels of these genes were still higher in EHT-treated berries than in the control. ETH treatment also influenced the expression of genes related to hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction. The ethylene biosynthesis gene (VvACO), ethylene receptor genes (VvETR2, VvERS1 and VvEIN4), ABA biosynthesis gene (VvNCED2), and ABA receptor gene (VvPYL4) were up-regulated by ETH treatment, while the auxin biosynthesis gene (VvTAA3) and seven genes of the auxin-responsive protein were inhibited by exogenous ethylene. Meanwhile, ETH treatment promoted the expression of the sugar transporter gene (VvEDL16) and two sucrose synthase genes (VvSUS2 and VvSUS6). In EHT-treated berries, 19 MYB and 23 ERF genes were expressed differently compared with the control (p < 0.05). This study provides the theoretical foundation and technical support for the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in non-climacteric fruit.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon treatment increased Brix and pH in mature grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Organ / stage
- mature berriese1
- Treatment
- ETH treatmente1
- Outcome
- Brix and pHe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e1“The results showed that ETH treatment increased Brix and pH in mature berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon treatment enhanced 21 of 35 detected individual anthocyanins in grape berries.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e2“In total, 35 individual anthocyanins were detected, in which 21 individual anthocyanins were enhanced by ETH treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ethylene did not affect the anthocyanin profile of grape berries.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e3“However, the anthocyanin profile was not affected by exogenous ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomics detected 825 and 1399 differentially expressed genes at 12 h and 24 h after treatment in grape berries.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e4“there were a total of 825 and 1399 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 h and 24 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon strongly induced the anthocyanin pathway genes VvPAL, VvCHS and VvF3H in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ethephon (ETH)e5
- Gene
- VvPAL, VvCHS, VvF3He6
- Outcome
- key structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathwaye6
- Direction
- strongly inducede6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e5“400 mg/L ethephon (ETH) solution was sprayed onto the surface of grape berries at the lag phase (EL-34)”
e6“key structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway were strongly induced, including VvPAL, VvCHS, VvF3H, VvF3′5′H, VvDFR and VvUFGT”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon strongly induced the anthocyanin pathway genes VvF3′5′H, VvDFR and VvUFGT in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ethephon (ETH)e5
- Gene
- VvF3′5′H, VvDFR and VvUFGTe6
- Outcome
- key structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathwaye6
- Direction
- strongly inducede6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e5“400 mg/L ethephon (ETH) solution was sprayed onto the surface of grape berries at the lag phase (EL-34)”
e6“key structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway were strongly induced, including VvPAL, VvCHS, VvF3H, VvF3′5′H, VvDFR and VvUFGT”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH treatment up-regulated the ethylene receptor genes VvETR2, VvERS1 and VvEIN4 in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ETH treatmente7
- Gene
- VvETR2, VvERS1 and VvEIN4e7
- Outcome
- ethylene receptor genese7
- Direction
- up-regulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e7“The ethylene biosynthesis gene (VvACO), ethylene receptor genes (VvETR2, VvERS1 and VvEIN4), ABA biosynthesis gene (VvNCED2), and ABA receptor gene (VvPYL4) were up-regulated by ETH treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH treatment up-regulated the ethylene biosynthesis gene VvACO in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ETH treatmente7
- Gene
- VvACOe7
- Outcome
- ethylene biosynthesis genee7
- Direction
- up-regulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e7“The ethylene biosynthesis gene (VvACO), ethylene receptor genes (VvETR2, VvERS1 and VvEIN4), ABA biosynthesis gene (VvNCED2), and ABA receptor gene (VvPYL4) were up-regulated by ETH treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH treatment up-regulated the ABA biosynthesis gene VvNCED2 in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ETH treatmente7
- Gene
- VvNCED2e7
- Outcome
- ABA biosynthesis genee7
- Direction
- up-regulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e7“The ethylene biosynthesis gene (VvACO), ethylene receptor genes (VvETR2, VvERS1 and VvEIN4), ABA biosynthesis gene (VvNCED2), and ABA receptor gene (VvPYL4) were up-regulated by ETH treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH treatment up-regulated the ABA receptor gene VvPYL4 in grape berries.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e7“The ethylene biosynthesis gene (VvACO), ethylene receptor genes (VvETR2, VvERS1 and VvEIN4), ABA biosynthesis gene (VvNCED2), and ABA receptor gene (VvPYL4) were up-regulated by ETH treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ethylene inhibited the auxin biosynthesis gene VvTAA3 in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- exogenous ethylenee1
- Gene
- VvTAA3e1
- Outcome
- auxin biosynthesis genee1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e1“while the auxin biosynthesis gene (VvTAA3) and seven genes of the auxin-responsive protein were inhibited by exogenous ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ethylene inhibited seven auxin-responsive protein genes in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- exogenous ethylenee1
- Gene
- seven genes of the auxin-responsive proteine1
- Outcome
- seven genes of the auxin-responsive proteine1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e1“while the auxin biosynthesis gene (VvTAA3) and seven genes of the auxin-responsive protein were inhibited by exogenous ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH treatment promoted the sugar transporter gene VvEDL16 in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ETH treatmente1
- Gene
- VvEDL16e1
- Outcome
- expression of the sugar transporter genee1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e1“Meanwhile, ETH treatment promoted the expression of the sugar transporter gene (VvEDL16) and two sucrose synthase genes (VvSUS2 and VvSUS6)”
Claim · model-written summary
ETH treatment promoted the sucrose synthase genes VvSUS2 and VvSUS6 in grape berries.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- ETH treatmente1
- Gene
- VvSUS2 and VvSUS6e1
- Outcome
- two sucrose synthase genese1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e1“Meanwhile, ETH treatment promoted the expression of the sugar transporter gene (VvEDL16) and two sucrose synthase genes (VvSUS2 and VvSUS6)”
Claim · model-written summary
In ETH-treated grape berries, 19 MYB and 23 ERF genes were expressed differently from the control.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e1“In EHT-treated berries, 19 MYB and 23 ERF genes were expressed differently compared with the control (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
At the maturity stage, expression levels of these genes stayed higher in ETH-treated grape berries than in the control.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries”
e1“At the maturity stage (EL-38), the expression levels of these genes were still higher in EHT-treated berries than in the control”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.