Abstract
Abstract Continuous flooding irrigation (CFI) is the conventional practice in rice cultivation but contributes significantly to methane (CH 4 ) emissions. Alternative wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) offers improved water efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Livestock manures like cow manure (CM) are widely used to replenish soil nutrients, yet limited research explores how CM and irrigation practices interact to influence these factors. A greenhouse experiment tested CM at 15 and 30 ton ha −1 under CFI and AWDI. CM application increased CH 4 emissions by up to 62% at higher rates. However, AWDI reduced CH 4 emissions by 32% compared to CFI, with a further 25%–26% reduction when combined with CM. AWDI lowered water usage by 18% without affecting grain yield or biomass, both of which improved under CM. CH 4 emissions under AWDI showed a strong inverse correlation with days after planting, highlighting the role of substrate availability during key growth stages. Extended CM composting further amplified emissions by creating bioavailable compounds favoring methanogens. CFI intensifies CH 4 emissions through sustained anaerobic conditions, while AWDI interrupts methanogenesis via periodic soil aeration. This study underscores the complex interplay between CM, irrigation, and CH 4 emissions, positioning AWDI as a sustainable strategy to reduce GHGs without compromising productivity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Higher cow manure rates increased methane emissions by up to 62%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- CM applicatione0
- Outcome
- CH 4 emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CM application increased CH 4 emissions by up to 62% at higher rates”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative wetting and drying irrigation reduced methane emissions 32% versus continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDIe0
- Outcome
- CH 4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- CFIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWDI reduced CH 4 emissions by 32% compared to CFI”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative wetting and drying with cow manure further reduced methane emissions by 25%–26%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- combined with CMe0
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 25%–26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a further 25%–26% reduction when combined with CM”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative wetting and drying lowered water use 18%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWDI lowered water usage by 18%”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative wetting and drying did not affect grain yield or biomass.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDIe0
- Outcome
- grain yield or biomasse0
- Direction
- without affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWDI lowered water usage by 18% without affecting grain yield or biomass”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow manure improved grain yield and biomass.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- CMe0
- Outcome
- grain yield or biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield or biomass, both of which improved under CM”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Methane emissions under alternative wetting and drying were inversely correlated with days after planting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- days after plantinge0
- Treatment
- AWDIe0
- Outcome
- CH 4 emissionse0
- Direction
- inverse correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CH 4 emissions under AWDI showed a strong inverse correlation with days after planting”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Extended cow manure composting amplified methane emissions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Extended CM compostinge0
- Outcome
- emissionse0
- Direction
- amplifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extended CM composting further amplified emissions by creating bioavailable compounds favoring methanogens”
t0“methane emissions”
e1“rice cultivation”
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