Abstract
Abstract Wheat residue incorporation into the rice paddy field is becoming a popular practice in rice production in China's main rice‐growing area but risks an increased emission of greenhouse gases. This study investigated if an alternate wetting and moderate drying ( AWMD ) irrigation regime in rice production reduces CH 4 emission and increases grain yield when wheat straw residues are incorporated into rice paddy field. One super rice variety was field‐grown in 2012 and 2013 and subjected to four irrigation and straw incorporation treatments: continuously flooded ( CF ) without straw incorporation (−S), AWMD without straw incorporation ( AWMD −S), then CF with straw incorporation ( CF + S) and AWMD + S. When compared with the CF , the AWMD regime increased grain yield and water use efficiency ( WUE , grain yield over the amount of water used) by 2.7% and 27.6%, respectively, under −S, and by 18.0 and 50.0%, respectively under +S. The AWMD + S treatment also significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency ( NUE ) compared with the CF + S treatment. The increase in grain yield, WUE and NUE in the AWMD regime, especially under +S, were attributed mainly to a greater root oxidation activity, deeper root distribution and increases in productive tillers, crop growth rate and nonstructural carbohydrate remobilization during grain filling. There was a total of 0.49 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1 more loss in the AWMD than in the CF regime. However, the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH 4 emissions, global warming potential ( GWP , including both CH 4 and N 2 O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP ) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime. The results demonstrate that the AWMD is an effective practice to increase grain yield and resource‐use efficiency and reduce environmental risks especially, when wheat straw is incorporated into paddy field.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Under no straw incorporation (-S), alternate wetting and moderate drying raised rice grain yield by 2.7% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.7%e1
- Qualifier
- under −Se1
- Comparator
- CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“When compared with the CF , the AWMD regime increased grain yield and water use efficiency ( WUE , grain yield over the amount of water used) by 2.7% and 27.6%, respectively, under −S, and by 18.0 and 50.0%, respectively under +S”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no straw incorporation (-S), alternate wetting and moderate drying raised water use efficiency by 27.6% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 27.6%e1
- Qualifier
- under −Se1
- Comparator
- CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“When compared with the CF , the AWMD regime increased grain yield and water use efficiency ( WUE , grain yield over the amount of water used) by 2.7% and 27.6%, respectively, under −S, and by 18.0 and 50.0%, respectively under +S”
Claim · model-written summary
Under straw incorporation (+S), alternate wetting and moderate drying raised rice grain yield by 18.0% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.0e1
- Qualifier
- under +Se1
- Comparator
- CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“When compared with the CF , the AWMD regime increased grain yield and water use efficiency ( WUE , grain yield over the amount of water used) by 2.7% and 27.6%, respectively, under −S, and by 18.0 and 50.0%, respectively under +S”
Claim · model-written summary
Under straw incorporation (+S), alternate wetting and moderate drying raised water use efficiency by 50.0% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 50.0%e1
- Qualifier
- under +Se1
- Comparator
- CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“When compared with the CF , the AWMD regime increased grain yield and water use efficiency ( WUE , grain yield over the amount of water used) by 2.7% and 27.6%, respectively, under −S, and by 18.0 and 50.0%, respectively under +S”
Claim · model-written summary
The AWMD + S treatment significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency compared with the continuously flooded + S treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD + S treatmente1
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiency ( NUE )e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- CF + S treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“The AWMD + S treatment also significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency ( NUE ) compared with the CF + S treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the increases in grain yield, WUE and NUE under AWMD, especially with straw, mainly to greater root oxidation activity, deeper root distribution and more productive tillers, higher crop growth rate and nonstructural carbohydrate remobilization during grain filling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- increase in grain yield, WUE and NUEe1
- Qualifier
- greater root oxidation activity, deeper root distribution and increases in productive tillers, crop growth rate and nonstructural carbohydrate remobilization during grain fillinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“The increase in grain yield, WUE and NUE in the AWMD regime, especially under +S, were attributed mainly to a greater root oxidation activity, deeper root distribution and increases in productive tillers, crop growth rate and nonstructural carbohydrate remobilization during grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
The AWMD regime caused a total of 0.49 kg N2O-N per ha more loss than the continuously flooded regime.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMDe1
- Outcome
- losse1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 0.49 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1e1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“There was a total of 0.49 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1 more loss in the AWMD than in the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Under -S, AWMD decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 49.8% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- seasonal CH 4 emissionse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 49.8%e1
- Qualifier
- under −Se1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH 4 emissions, global warming potential ( GWP , including both CH 4 and N 2 O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP ) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Under -S, AWMD decreased global warming potential by 45.2% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- global warming potentiale1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 45.2%e1
- Qualifier
- under −Se1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH 4 emissions, global warming potential ( GWP , including both CH 4 and N 2 O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP ) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Under -S, AWMD decreased greenhouse gas intensity by 46.7% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- greenhouse gas intensitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 46.7%e1
- Qualifier
- under −Se1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH 4 emissions, global warming potential ( GWP , including both CH 4 and N 2 O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP ) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Under +S, AWMD decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 57.5% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- seasonal CH 4 emissionse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 57.5e1
- Qualifier
- under +Se1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH 4 emissions, global warming potential ( GWP , including both CH 4 and N 2 O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP ) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Under +S, AWMD decreased global warming potential by 55.9% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- global warming potentiale1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 55.9%e1
- Qualifier
- under +Se1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH 4 emissions, global warming potential ( GWP , including both CH 4 and N 2 O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP ) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Under +S, AWMD decreased greenhouse gas intensity by 62.6% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWMD regimee1
- Outcome
- greenhouse gas intensitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 62.6%e1
- Qualifier
- under +Se1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“the AWMD regime substantially decreased seasonal CH 4 emissions, global warming potential ( GWP , including both CH 4 and N 2 O) and greenhouse gas intensity (grain yield over GWP ) by 49.8%, 45.2% and 46.7%, respectively, under −S, and by 57.5, 55.9% and 62.6%, respectively, under +S, when compared with the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude AWMD is an effective practice to increase grain yield and resource-use efficiency and reduce environmental risks, especially when wheat straw is incorporated into paddy fields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- increase grain yield and resource‐use efficiency and reduce environmental riskse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“The results demonstrate that the AWMD is an effective practice to increase grain yield and resource‐use efficiency and reduce environmental risks especially, when wheat straw is incorporated into paddy field”
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