Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Soil nitrogen (N) losses present significant environmental and economic challenges. Therefore, it is imperative to implement strategies aimed at mitigating N loss and improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Aims We conducted incubation and pot experiments to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of coated urea against conventional urea applications in reducing N loss via ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) release, as well as ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization and improving crop yield. Methods A pot experiment was conducted to explore the potential of coated urea to enhance the NUE and yield of wheat crops cultivated in two soils with distinct textures. Treatments included (1) no fertilizer control (CK), (2) conventional urea (ordinary urea [OU]), (3) neem‐coated urea (NCU), (4) moringa‐coated urea (MCU), (5) sulfur‐coated urea (SCU), and (6) biochar‐coated urea (BCU). Results The results from the incubation experiment indicated that all the coated fertilization strategies performed well, but BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively, followed by SCU, NCU, and MCU. In pot experiment, the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. Overall, the trend of coated urea treatment in improving plant physiological and yield parameters was BCU > SCU > MCU > NCU > OU > CK. Moreover, NUE was significantly enhanced in all coated fertilizers compared to CK, with BCU showing the highest increase in NUE (75%) in clay loam soil and 62% in sandy loam soil relative to CK. The order of agronomic and recovery NUE trend is expressed as BCU > SCU > MCU > NCU > OU > CK in sandy loam and clay loam soil. Conclusions All the coated fertilizers performed well, enhanced the NUE, and reduced NH 3 volatilization, but BCU was suggested as the best option among all coated fertilizers to minimize the N losses and balance crop productivity with environmental protection in diverse soil types.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar-coated urea reduced ammonia volatilization 34% more than conventional urea in clay loam.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- BCUe0
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- OUe0
- Setting
- clay loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar-coated urea reduced ammonia volatilization 18% more than conventional urea in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe0
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- OUe0
- Setting
- sandy loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased biological yield by 142% against CK in clay loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- biologicale0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- +142%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- clay loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased biological yield by 127% against CK in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- biologicale0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 127%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- sandy loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased straw yield by 167% against CK in clay loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- strawe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- +167%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- clay loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased straw yield by 153% against CK in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- strawe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 153%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- sandy loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased grain yield by 105% against CK in clay loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 105%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- clay loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased grain yield by 85% against CK in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- sandy loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased thousand-grain weight by 34% against CK in clay loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- 1000‐grain weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- +34%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- clay loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU increased thousand-grain weight by 49% against CK in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe2
- Outcome
- 1000‐grain weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 49%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- sandy loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment yielded highest biological (+142% and 127%), straw (+167% and 153%), grain yield (105% and 85%), and 1000‐grain weight (+34% and 49%) than the CK in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU produced the highest NUE increase, 75% over CK, in clay loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- clay loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCU showing the highest increase in NUE (75%) in clay loam soil and 62% in sandy loam soil relative to CK”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
BCU produced a 62% NUE increase over CK in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- BCUe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
- Setting
- sandy loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCU showing the highest increase in NUE (75%) in clay loam soil and 62% in sandy loam soil relative to CK”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
All coated fertilizers enhanced NUE compared with CK.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- coated fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NUE was significantly enhanced in all coated fertilizers compared to CK”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Coated urea treatments ranked BCU, SCU, MCU, NCU, OU, CK for physiological and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- improving plant physiological and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- BCU > SCU > MCU > NCU > OU > CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the trend of coated urea treatment in improving plant physiological and yield parameters was BCU > SCU > MCU > NCU > OU > CK”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic and recovery NUE ranked BCU, SCU, MCU, NCU, OU, CK in both soils.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- agronomic and recovery NUE trende0
- Qualifier
- BCU > SCU > MCU > NCU > OU > CKe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The order of agronomic and recovery NUE trend is expressed as BCU > SCU > MCU > NCU > OU > CK in sandy loam and clay loam soil.”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend BCU for minimizing N loss while sustaining productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- best option among all coated fertilizers to minimize the N losses and balance crop productivity with environmental protectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BCU was suggested as the best option among all coated fertilizers to minimize the N losses and balance crop productivity with environmental protection in diverse soil types”
e1“wheat crops”
e2“BCU significantly reduced NH 3 volatilization up to 34% and 18% more than OU in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively”
t0“Crop Yield”
t1“Coated Fertilizers Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Reducing Ammonia Volatilization While Increasing Crop Yield”
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