Abstract
AMF promotes phosphorus uptake in inefficient wheat varieties, resulting in significant enhancement of their phosphorus utilization efficiency; Inoculation of AMF can enhance the stem strength of wheat varieties with low phosphorus utilization efficiency and enhance the uprightness of wheat plants, which may provide new ideas for research on the resistance of wheat cultivation to collapse. Transcriptome-based evidence validates the promotion of mycorrhizal symbiosis on phosphorus uptake in wheat as well as the enhancement of stem strength. A possible environmentally friendly approach is proposed to deal with phosphorus deficiency during wheat production and damage to soil physicochemical properties by over-fertilization. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can stimulate root development in plants and enhance their ability to adapt to stress conditions. This study investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on the growth, hormone dynamics, and phosphorus (P) metabolism of two wheat cultivars with differing phosphorus utilization efficiencies under both normal and low phosphorus concentration conditions. The research focused on the symbiotic interaction between AMF and these wheat varieties to elucidate their responses to varying phosphorus availability. The experiment showed that phosphorus inefficient wheat SW14 inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stress showed significant enhancement in plant height, biomass, leaf width, stem thickness, root surface area, and vegetative phosphorus content, while total root length and primary root length were reduced, This change in root length was attributed to the fact that the root system undergoes elongation and growth to adapt to the adversity under low phosphorus stress in crops, and inoculation with AMF effectively alleviated the extent of this low phosphorus stress. while IAA, SL, cellulose and lignin hormone levels and APC enzyme activities were significantly elevated, and stem structure was significantly optimized; whereas, the phosphorus-efficient variety, SW2, did not show significant improvement due to its own unique tolerance to low phosphorus stress (Table 2). Transcriptomic profiling identified 2,500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs: 983↑/1,517↓), enriched in ABC transporters (ko02010), Plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075), and MAPK signaling pathway - plant (ko04016), Cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis(ko00073). WGCNA further resolved that AMF responded to low phosphorus stress by up-regulating the expression of cellulose, lignin, APC synthesis, and IAA/SL-related genes in SW14, with the most relevant phenotypes shown to correlate to primary root length, total root length, root dry weight and stem diameter. AMF inoculation significantly enhanced growth and dry matter accumulation in the low-phosphorus-use-efficiency wheat variety SW14 under phosphorus-deficient stress. This treatment concurrently stimulated IAA, SL, and APC activities, resulting in increased phosphorus uptake/accumulation, notable accumulation of cellulose and lignin, and consequently significantly improved stem strength. Although AMF inoculation improved growth in the high-phosphorus-use-efficiency wheat variety SW2, these enhancements failed to reach statistical significance.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased height, biomass and leaf width in SW14 wheat under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- SW14e0
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stresse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, biomass, leaf widthe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus inefficient wheat SW14 inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stress showed significant enhancement in plant height, biomass, leaf width, stem thickness, root surface area, and vegetative phosphorus content, while total root length and primary root length were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased stem thickness and root surface area in SW14 wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- SW14e0
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stresse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- stem thickness, root surface areae0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus inefficient wheat SW14 inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stress showed significant enhancement in plant height, biomass, leaf width, stem thickness, root surface area, and vegetative phosphorus content, while total root length and primary root length were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased vegetative phosphorus content in SW14 wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- SW14e0
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stresse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- vegetative phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus inefficient wheat SW14 inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stress showed significant enhancement in plant height, biomass, leaf width, stem thickness, root surface area, and vegetative phosphorus content”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF reduced total and primary root length in SW14 wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- SW14e0
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stresse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total root length and primary root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus inefficient wheat SW14 inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stress showed significant enhancement in plant height, biomass, leaf width, stem thickness, root surface area, and vegetative phosphorus content, while total root length and primary root length were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF elevated IAA, SL, cellulose, lignin and APC activity in SW14 wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- SW14e0
- Treatment
- inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- IAA, SL, cellulose and lignin hormone levels and APC enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus inefficient wheat SW14 inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stress showed significant enhancement in plant height, biomass, leaf width, stem thickness, root surface area, and vegetative phosphorus content, while total root length and primary root length were reduced, This change in root length was attributed to the fact that the root system undergoes elongation and growth to adapt to the adversity under low phosphorus stress in crops, and inoculation with AMF effectively alleviated the extent of this low phosphorus stress. while IAA, SL, cellulose and lignin hormone levels and APC enzyme activities were significantly elevated, and stem structure was significantly optimized”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly optimized stem structure in SW14 wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit0symbiont
- Outcome
- stem structuree0
- Direction
- optimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem structure was significantly optimized”
t0“The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The phosphorus-efficient SW2 variety showed no significant improvement after AMF inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SW2e0
- Treatment
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit0symbiont
- Outcome
- improvemente0
- Direction
- did not show significant improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phosphorus-efficient variety, SW2, did not show significant improvement due to its own unique tolerance to low phosphorus stress”
t0“The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomic profiling identified 2,500 differentially expressed genes after AMF treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 2,500e0
- Qualifier
- DEGs: 983↑/1,517↓e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptomic profiling identified 2,500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs: 983↑/1,517↓), enriched in ABC transporters (ko02010), Plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075), and MAPK signaling pathway - plant (ko04016), Cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis(ko00073).”
t0“The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes were enriched in transport, hormone signaling, MAPK and cuticle pathways.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ABC transporters (ko02010), Plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075), and MAPK signaling pathway - plant (ko04016)e0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enriched in ABC transporters (ko02010), Plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075), and MAPK signaling pathway - plant (ko04016), Cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis(ko00073).”
t0“The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress”
Claim · model-written summary
WGCNA associated AMF with upregulation of cellulose, lignin, APC and IAA/SL related genes in SW14.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SW14e0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- expression of cellulose, lignin, APC synthesis, and IAA/SL-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF responded to low phosphorus stress by up-regulating the expression of cellulose, lignin, APC synthesis, and IAA/SL-related genes in SW14”
t0“The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The expression phenotypes correlated with root lengths, root dry weight and stem diameter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- primary root length, total root length, root dry weighte0
- Direction
- correlatee0
- Qualifier
- stem diametere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most relevant phenotypes shown to correlate to primary root length, total root length, root dry weight and stem diameter.”
t0“The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly improved stem strength in SW14 wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit0symbiont
- Outcome
- stem strengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consequently significantly improved stem strength.”
t0“The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.