Abstract
No tillage and stubble retention have emerged as effective measures for restoring land degraded and enhancing ecosystem productivity. However, the underlying mechanism driving productivity improvements is not well understood, particularly in ecological fragile region such as the Loess Plateau of China. To address this knowledge gap, a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that TS and NTS treatments significantly increased system productivity by 19 and 32%, respectively, with NTS demonstrating the most pronounced benefits. The NTS increased maize yield, wheat yield and soybean biomass by 19, 14 and 52%, compared to T, respectively. Moreover, the NTS treatment resulted in the highest soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation, enzymes activity and overall soil conditions. Soil carbon and nitrogen storage with NTS was increased by 41 and 53% compared to T in the 0-10 cm soil depth, respectively. The activities of βG (β-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase), βX (β-xylosidase), LAP (leucine-aminopeptidase), NAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) in NTS increased by 45, 98, 39, 50 and 53%, respectively. Overall, results demonstrated that no tillage combined with stubble retention increased crop productivity by improving soil carbon and nitrogen fractions, enzymes activity and soil moisture. Soil moisture was the key driver affecting forage biomass, whereas organic carbon input primarily influenced grain production. In conclusion, NTS represents the most appropriate land management practice for optimizing agricultural productivity on the Loess Plateau, while facilitating green and sustainable agricultural development.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
TS treatment significantly increased system productivity by 19%
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- TSe2
- Outcome
- system productivitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 19e2
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e2“TS and NTS treatments significantly increased system productivity by 19 and 32%, respectively, with NTS demonstrating the most pronounced benefits”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS significantly increased system productivity by 32%
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- NTSe2
- Outcome
- system productivitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 32%e2
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e2“TS and NTS treatments significantly increased system productivity by 19 and 32%, respectively, with NTS demonstrating the most pronounced benefits”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased maize yield by 19% compared with T
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e3“The NTS increased maize yield, wheat yield and soybean biomass by 19, 14 and 52%, compared to T, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased wheat yield by 14% compared with T
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume3 - Treatment
- NTSe3
- Outcome
- wheat yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 14e3
- Comparator
- Te3
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e3“The NTS increased maize yield, wheat yield and soybean biomass by 19, 14 and 52%, compared to T, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased soybean biomass by 52% compared with T
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe3 - Treatment
- NTSe3
- Outcome
- soybean biomasse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 52%e3
- Comparator
- Te3
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e3“The NTS increased maize yield, wheat yield and soybean biomass by 19, 14 and 52%, compared to T, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS gave the highest soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- NTS treatmente4
- Outcome
- soil carbon and nitrogen accumulatione4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e4“the NTS treatment resulted in the highest soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation, enzymes activity and overall soil conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased soil carbon storage by 41% in the 0-10 cm soil depth compared with T
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e5“Soil carbon and nitrogen storage with NTS was increased by 41 and 53% compared to T in the 0-10 cm soil depth, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased soil nitrogen storage by 53% in the 0-10 cm soil depth compared with T
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e5“Soil carbon and nitrogen storage with NTS was increased by 41 and 53% compared to T in the 0-10 cm soil depth, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased beta-glucosidase (βG) activity by 45%
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- NTSe6
- Outcome
- βG (β-glucosidase)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 45e6
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e6“The activities of βG (β-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase), βX (β-xylosidase), LAP (leucine-aminopeptidase), NAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) in NTS increased by 45, 98, 39, 50 and 53%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased cellobiohydrolase (CBH) activity by 98%
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- NTSe6
- Outcome
- CBH (cellobiohydrolase)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 98e6
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e6“The activities of βG (β-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase), βX (β-xylosidase), LAP (leucine-aminopeptidase), NAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) in NTS increased by 45, 98, 39, 50 and 53%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased beta-xylosidase (βX) activity by 39%
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- NTSe6
- Outcome
- βX (β-xylosidase)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 39e6
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e6“The activities of βG (β-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase), βX (β-xylosidase), LAP (leucine-aminopeptidase), NAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) in NTS increased by 45, 98, 39, 50 and 53%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP) activity by 50%
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- NTSe6
- Outcome
- LAP (leucine-aminopeptidase)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 50e6
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e6“The activities of βG (β-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase), βX (β-xylosidase), LAP (leucine-aminopeptidase), NAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) in NTS increased by 45, 98, 39, 50 and 53%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS increased N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activity by 53%
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- NTSe6
- Outcome
- NAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 53e6
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e6“The activities of βG (β-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase), βX (β-xylosidase), LAP (leucine-aminopeptidase), NAG (β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) in NTS increased by 45, 98, 39, 50 and 53%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture was the key driver affecting forage biomass
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- Soil moisturee7
- Outcome
- forage biomasse7
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e7“Soil moisture was the key driver affecting forage biomass, whereas organic carbon input primarily influenced grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic carbon input primarily influenced grain production
- Taxon
- forage-crop rotation systeme0
- Treatment
- organic carbon inpute7
- Outcome
- grain productione7
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e7“Soil moisture was the key driver affecting forage biomass, whereas organic carbon input primarily influenced grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage with stubble retention increased crop productivity by improving soil carbon and nitrogen fractions, enzyme activity and soil moisture
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e1“Overall, results demonstrated that no tillage combined with stubble retention increased crop productivity by improving soil carbon and nitrogen fractions, enzymes activity and soil moisture”
Claim · model-written summary
NTS is the most appropriate land management practice for optimizing agricultural productivity on the Loess Plateau
Verbatim
e0“a 22-year long-term field experiment was performed to investigate the changes in soil nutrients, crop and forage productivity, and their driving factors following the implementation of conventional tillage (T), conventional tillage combined with stubble retention (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage combined with stubble retention (NTS) within a forage-crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau”
e1“In conclusion, NTS represents the most appropriate land management practice for optimizing agricultural productivity on the Loess Plateau, while facilitating green and sustainable agricultural development”
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