Abstract
Iron toxicity is a major constraint in rice cultivation on tropical Ultisol soils, particularly in fields with a history of low productivity. Continuous flooding in paddy systems exacerbates this issue by increasing Fe²⁺ availability, leading to toxicity at high concentrations. This study evaluated periodic flooding and drying as a sustainable water management strategy to mitigate Fe²⁺ toxicity and enhance rice growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications, assessing different flooding and drying intervals. Soil pH and Fe²⁺ concentrations were measured at the end of the experiment, along with key rice growth and yield parameters. Results showed that extended drying intervals significantly improved soil pH and reduced Fe²⁺ concentrations, mitigating toxicity. The treatment with three weeks of drying followed by three weeks of flooding resulted in the lowest Fe²⁺ concentration (4.08 ppm) and the most stable pH conditions. However, the highest rice productivity was observed in the two-week flooding–two-week drying treatment, which promoted increased plant height, tiller number, and grain yield. These findings highlight the potential of periodic flooding as a practical and sustainable approach to improve soil health and rice productivity in iron-toxic Ultisol fields. This study contributes to developing effective water management strategies for rice cultivation in marginal tropical soils, addressing both environmental sustainability and agricultural productivity. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of periodic flooding on soil nutrient dynamics and its applicability across diverse tropical agroecosystems
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Extended drying intervals significantly improved soil pH.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- extended drying intervalse0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extended drying intervals significantly improved soil pH and reduced Fe²⁺ concentrations”
e1“Enhancing Rice Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Extended drying intervals significantly reduced soil Fe²⁺ concentrations.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- extended drying intervalse0
- Outcome
- Fe²⁺ concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extended drying intervals significantly improved soil pH and reduced Fe²⁺ concentrations”
e1“Enhancing Rice Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Three weeks drying then three weeks flooding yielded the lowest Fe²⁺ concentration, 4.08 ppm.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- three weeks of drying followed by three weeks of floodinge0
- Outcome
- Fe²⁺ concentratione0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 4.08 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three weeks of drying followed by three weeks of flooding resulted in the lowest Fe²⁺ concentration (4.08 ppm)”
e1“Enhancing Rice Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
That three-week schedule gave the most stable pH conditions.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- three weeks of drying followed by three weeks of floodinge0
- Outcome
- pH conditionse0
- Direction
- most stablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three weeks of drying followed by three weeks of flooding resulted in the lowest Fe²⁺ concentration (4.08 ppm) and the most stable pH conditions”
e1“Enhancing Rice Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-week flooding and drying produced the highest rice productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- two-week flooding–two-week drying treatmente0
- Outcome
- rice productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest rice productivity was observed in the two-week flooding–two-week drying treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The two-week schedule increased plant height, tiller number and grain yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- two-week flooding–two-week drying treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant height, tiller number, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-week flooding–two-week drying treatment, which promoted increased plant height, tiller number, and grain yield”
e1“Enhancing Rice Growth”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.