Abstract
Most Pakistani soils are deficient in available iron (Fe), which limits crop productivity. Biofortification offers a sustainable solution by enhancing nutrient content in edible parts. This field experiment, conducted at the Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam during the 2023–24 Rabi season, evaluated the effectiveness of iron application methods on wheat (variety NBW-232). The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments and three replications on silty loam soil. Treatments included: T1 (control), T2 (12 kg Fe ha⁻¹ via broadcasting), T3 (12 kg Fe ha⁻¹ as Fe-coated urea), and T4 (seed priming with 2% FeSO₄·7H₂O). A uniform NPK dose (150-80-50 kg ha⁻¹) was applied. Results showed that Fe application significantly improved growth, yield, and Fe accumulation, with Fe-coated urea (T3) being the most effective. Iron coated urea (T3) succeeded to obtain the highest number of grains per spike (60.2), grain yield (5533.3 kg ha⁻¹), nitrogen (2.9%), and Fe content (119.3 mg kg⁻¹), while reducing phytic acid (1.807 mg g⁻¹) concentration (p<0.01). In conclusion, Fe-coated urea markedly enhanced wheat productivity and its nutritional value
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Fe application significantly improved wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Fe applicatione0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe application significantly improved growth, yield, and Fe accumulation”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe application significantly improved yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fe applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe application significantly improved growth, yield, and Fe accumulation”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe application significantly improved Fe accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fe applicatione0
- Outcome
- Fe accumulatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe application significantly improved growth, yield, and Fe accumulation”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-coated urea gave the highest grains per spike, 60.2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Iron coated urea (T3)e0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 60.2e0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron coated urea (T3) succeeded to obtain the highest number of grains per spike (60.2)”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-coated urea gave the highest grain yield, 5533.3 kg ha⁻¹.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Iron coated urea (T3)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5533.3 kg ha⁻¹e0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron coated urea (T3) succeeded to obtain the highest number of grains per spike (60.2), grain yield (5533.3 kg ha⁻¹)”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-coated urea gave the highest nitrogen content, 2.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Iron coated urea (T3)e0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron coated urea (T3) succeeded to obtain the highest number of grains per spike (60.2), grain yield (5533.3 kg ha⁻¹), nitrogen (2.9%)”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-coated urea gave the highest Fe content, 119.3 mg kg⁻¹.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Iron coated urea (T3)e0
- Outcome
- Fe contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 119.3 mg kg⁻¹e0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron coated urea (T3) succeeded to obtain the highest number of grains per spike (60.2), grain yield (5533.3 kg ha⁻¹), nitrogen (2.9%), and Fe content (119.3 mg kg⁻¹)”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-coated urea reduced phytic acid concentration to 1.807 mg g⁻¹.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Iron coated urea (T3)e0
- Outcome
- phytic acid (1.807 mg g⁻¹) concentratione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 1.807 mg g⁻¹e0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron coated urea (T3) succeeded to obtain the highest number of grains per spike (60.2), grain yield (5533.3 kg ha⁻¹), nitrogen (2.9%), and Fe content (119.3 mg kg⁻¹), while reducing phytic acid (1.807 mg g⁻¹) concentration (p<0.01).”
e1“wheat (variety NBW-232)”
e2“T1 (control)”
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