Abstract
Nanofertilizers are innovative fertilizers introduced to the agricultural sector to enhance yield production and reduce the known negative impacts of excessive agrochemical use on the ecosystem. Integrating these fertilizers into a conventional farming system, combined with natural growth stimulants, may boost their efficiency and offer a promising approach to addressing poor soil quality in arid and semi-arid regions characterized by low nutrient availability, alkalinity, and reduced productivity. This field study was conducted for two seasons to assess the effectiveness of a combined foliar application of nitrogen-enriched humic acid (NH) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on the agronomic parameters, quality and yield of cabbage. The experimental treatments include foliar application of two rates of NH (2 and 3 ml l-1), denoted 2NH and 3NH, combined with three fertilization levels of nZnO (25, 50 and 100 mg l-1), referred to as 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO, along with a control treatment aligned in a randomized complete block design. Enhancements of cabbage head weight recorded 46.7 - 53.9% than the control treatment by spraying of NH at 2 or 3 ml l-1 with nZnO at 25 mg l-1 and reached 80.3-92.5%, after raising nZnO to 50 mg l-1, respectively. Foliar application of 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO increased cabbage yield by 39.3, 59.8 and 25.9% under 2NH relative to the control and 42.9, 62.5 and 28.6% under 3NH, respectively. Comparable results were exhibited from both seasons. Generally, the highest measured trait values were obtained from plants treated with 3NH+50 nZnO and 2NH+50 nZnO, followed by those treated with 3NH+25 nZnO and 2NH+25 nZnO. In contrast, the lowest enhancements were noted from those sprayed with 3NH+100 nZnO and 2NH+100 nZnO. The results showed that spraying nZnO fertilizers under any rate of NH improved the agronomic indices, biochemical constituents and elemental content of cabbage leaves. The study highlighted that to ensure the resilience and sustainable application while maintaining environmental safety, the nZnO application rate must be carefully considered.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying nitrogen-enriched humic acid at 2 or 3 ml per litre with nZnO at 25 mg per litre raised cabbage head weight by 46.7 to 53.9% above the control.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae1 - Treatment
- spraying of NH at 2 or 3 ml l-1 with nZnO at 25 mg l-1e1
- Outcome
- cabbage head weighte1
- Direction
- Enhancementse1
- Value
- 46.7 - 53.9%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Enhancements of cabbage head weight recorded 46.7 - 53.9% than the control treatment by spraying of NH at 2 or 3 ml l-1 with nZnO at 25 mg l-1 and reached 80.3-92.5%, after raising nZnO to 50 mg l-1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising nZnO to 50 mg per litre with humic acid spraying raised cabbage head weight by 80.3 to 92.5%.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- raising nZnO to 50 mg l-1e1
- Outcome
- cabbage head weighte1
- Direction
- reachede1
- Value
- 80.3-92.5%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Enhancements of cabbage head weight recorded 46.7 - 53.9% than the control treatment by spraying of NH at 2 or 3 ml l-1 with nZnO at 25 mg l-1 and reached 80.3-92.5%, after raising nZnO to 50 mg l-1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 25 nZnO under 2NH increased cabbage yield by 39.3% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Treatment
- 25 nZnOe2
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 39.3e2
- Qualifier
- under 2NHe2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Foliar application of 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO increased cabbage yield by 39.3, 59.8 and 25.9% under 2NH relative to the control and 42.9, 62.5 and 28.6% under 3NH, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 50 nZnO under 2NH increased cabbage yield by 59.8% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Treatment
- 50 nZnOe2
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 59.8e2
- Qualifier
- under 2NHe2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Foliar application of 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO increased cabbage yield by 39.3, 59.8 and 25.9% under 2NH relative to the control and 42.9, 62.5 and 28.6% under 3NH, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 100 nZnO under 2NH increased cabbage yield by 25.9% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Treatment
- 100 nZnOe2
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 25.9e2
- Qualifier
- under 2NHe2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Foliar application of 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO increased cabbage yield by 39.3, 59.8 and 25.9% under 2NH relative to the control and 42.9, 62.5 and 28.6% under 3NH, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 25 nZnO under 3NH increased cabbage yield by 42.9% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Treatment
- 25 nZnOe2
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 42.9e2
- Qualifier
- under 3NHe2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Foliar application of 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO increased cabbage yield by 39.3, 59.8 and 25.9% under 2NH relative to the control and 42.9, 62.5 and 28.6% under 3NH, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 50 nZnO under 3NH increased cabbage yield by 62.5% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Treatment
- 50 nZnOe2
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 62.5e2
- Qualifier
- under 3NHe2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Foliar application of 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO increased cabbage yield by 39.3, 59.8 and 25.9% under 2NH relative to the control and 42.9, 62.5 and 28.6% under 3NH, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 100 nZnO under 3NH increased cabbage yield by 28.6% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Treatment
- 100 nZnOe2
- Outcome
- cabbage yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 28.6e2
- Qualifier
- under 3NHe2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Foliar application of 25 nZnO, 50 nZnO, and 100 nZnO increased cabbage yield by 39.3, 59.8 and 25.9% under 2NH relative to the control and 42.9, 62.5 and 28.6% under 3NH, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Comparable cabbage results were obtained in both seasons.
- Taxon
- CabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Outcome
- Comparable resultse3
- Qualifier
- both seasonse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Cabbage”
e3“Comparable results were exhibited from both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest measured trait values of cabbage came from 3NH plus 50 nZnO and 2NH plus 50 nZnO.
- Taxon
- CabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- 3NH+50 nZnO and 2NH+50 nZnOe4
- Outcome
- measured trait valuese4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Cabbage”
e4“Generally, the highest measured trait values were obtained from plants treated with 3NH+50 nZnO and 2NH+50 nZnO, followed by those treated with 3NH+25 nZnO and 2NH+25 nZnO”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3NH plus 25 nZnO and 2NH plus 25 nZnO treatments followed the highest cabbage trait values.
- Taxon
- CabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- 3NH+25 nZnO and 2NH+25 nZnOe4
- Outcome
- measured trait valuese4
- Direction
- followed bye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Cabbage”
e4“Generally, the highest measured trait values were obtained from plants treated with 3NH+50 nZnO and 2NH+50 nZnO, followed by those treated with 3NH+25 nZnO and 2NH+25 nZnO”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest cabbage enhancements came from 3NH plus 100 nZnO and 2NH plus 100 nZnO.
- Taxon
- CabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- 3NH+100 nZnO and 2NH+100 nZnOe5
- Outcome
- enhancementse5
- Direction
- loweste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Cabbage”
e5“In contrast, the lowest enhancements were noted from those sprayed with 3NH+100 nZnO and 2NH+100 nZnO”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying nZnO fertilizers under any rate of NH improved agronomic indices, biochemical constituents and elemental content of cabbage leaves.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae6
- Organ / stage
- leavese6
- Treatment
- spraying nZnO fertilizers under any rate of NHe6
- Outcome
- agronomic indices, biochemical constituents and elemental contente6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The results showed that spraying nZnO fertilizers under any rate of NH improved the agronomic indices, biochemical constituents and elemental content of cabbage leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The nZnO application rate must be carefully considered for resilient and environmentally safe cabbage production.
- Taxon
- CabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Outcome
- nZnO application ratee7
- Qualifier
- must be carefully considerede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Cabbage”
e7“the nZnO application rate must be carefully considered”
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