Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent protective effects of Capsella bursa-pastoris extract (CBPE) against the phytotoxic and genotoxic impacts of the insect growth regulator Triflumuron (TFM), using the Allium cepa assay. A comprehensive evaluation was performed by analyzing physio-morphological (germination rate, root elongation, biomass gain, chlorophyll a and b levels), cytogenetic (mitotic index, micronucleus formation, chromosomal abnormalities), biochemical (superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and proline levels), and molecular endpoints. The phytochemical profile of C. bursa-pastoris was characterized through LC-MS/MS analysis to determine the bioactive phenolic constituents. Allium bulbs were exposed to 20 µg/L TFM and co-treated with two concentrations of CBPE (45 and 90 µg/mL). The results demonstrated that TFM exposure significantly inhibited germination and root growth, reduced mitotic activity (by 6.57%), and induced notable oxidative and genotoxic stress. However, CBPE co-treatment led to considerable recovery in all measured parameters, with the mitotic index increasing to 7.05%-7.55%. TFM exposure markedly increased micronucleus frequency, whereas co-treatment with CBPE led to a dose-dependent reduction in MN frequency, ranging from 15.88% to 35.7%. CBPE demonstrated a strong protective effect against TFM-induced growth suppression, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and structural deterioration in meristem cells in A. cepa. This protective property is associated with the phenolic compounds contained in CBPE. The most abundant phenolic compound in the extract was p-coumaric acid. The findings provide compelling evidence that C. bursa-pastoris extract mitigates TFM-induced cellular and biochemical disruptions by modulating oxidative stress and preserving genomic integrity. This is the first comprehensive demonstration of plant-based mitigation of TFM phytotoxicity, supporting sustainable remediation strategies.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
TFM inhibited Allium germination and root growth.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa
Allium cepae1 - Treatment
- TFM exposuree0
- Outcome
- germination and root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“using the Allium cepa assay”
e0“TFM exposure significantly inhibited germination and root growth, reduced mitotic activity (by 6.57%), and induced notable oxidative and genotoxic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
TFM reduced Allium mitotic activity.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- TFM exposuree0
- Outcome
- mitotic activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6.57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“using the Allium cepa assay”
e0“TFM exposure significantly inhibited germination and root growth, reduced mitotic activity (by 6.57%), and induced notable oxidative and genotoxic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
TFM induced Allium oxidative and genotoxic stress.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- TFM exposuree0
- Outcome
- oxidative and genotoxic stresse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“using the Allium cepa assay”
e0“TFM exposure significantly inhibited germination and root growth, reduced mitotic activity (by 6.57%), and induced notable oxidative and genotoxic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
CBPE co-treatment increased Allium mitotic index to 7.05%-7.55%.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- CBPE co-treatmente0
- Outcome
- mitotic indexe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 7.05%-7.55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“using the Allium cepa assay”
e0“CBPE co-treatment led to considerable recovery in all measured parameters, with the mitotic index increasing to 7.05%-7.55%”
Claim · model-written summary
TFM markedly increased micronucleus frequency in Allium.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- TFM exposuree0
- Outcome
- micronucleus frequencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“using the Allium cepa assay”
e0“TFM exposure markedly increased micronucleus frequency, whereas co-treatment with CBPE led to a dose-dependent reduction in MN frequency, ranging from 15.88% to 35.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
CBPE co-treatment reduced micronucleus frequency in Allium by 15.88% to 35.7% in a dose dependent manner.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- co-treatment with CBPEe0
- Outcome
- MN frequencye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 15.88% to 35.7%e0
- Qualifier
- dose-dependente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“using the Allium cepa assay”
e0“TFM exposure markedly increased micronucleus frequency, whereas co-treatment with CBPE led to a dose-dependent reduction in MN frequency, ranging from 15.88% to 35.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
CBPE protected Allium meristem cells against TFM-induced growth suppression, genotoxicity, oxidative stress and structural deterioration.
- Taxon
- A. cepaAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- meristem cellse0
- Treatment
- CBPEe0
- Outcome
- growth suppression, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and structural deterioratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CBPE demonstrated a strong protective effect against TFM-induced growth suppression, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and structural deterioration in meristem cells in A. cepa”
Claim · model-written summary
p-coumaric acid was the most abundant phenolic compound in the Capsella extract.
- Taxon
- Capsella bursa-pastoris
Capsella bursa-pastorist0 - Outcome
- most abundant phenolic compounde0
- Qualifier
- p-coumaric acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsella bursa-pastoris”
e0“The most abundant phenolic compound in the extract was p-coumaric acid”
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