Abstract
In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L., an indicator test material. In addition, the toxicity-reducing effects of grape seed extract (GSE) were tested. The toxicity was investigated by some physiological (germination percentage, root length, weight gain, relative injury rate), cytogenetic [mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal abnormalities (CAs)], biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) levels] and anatomical parameters. A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups as control and five treatment groups (Group II: 465 mg/L GSE, Group III: 930 mg/L GSE, Group IV: 100 mg/L potassium bromate, Group V: 100 mg/L potassium bromate + 465 mg/L GSE, Group VI: 100 mg /L potassium bromate + 930 mg/L GSE). The bulbs were germinated for 72 h and at the end of the period the bulbs were subjected to routine preparations and made ready for analysis and measurements. As a result, potassium bromate exposure caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in all physiological parameter values. Potassium bromate application decreased MI by 41.6%, and increased the MN and CAs frequencies. CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, and vagrant chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, reverse polarization, nuclear bud and disordered mitosis were induced in root meristem cells. The mechanism of potassium bromate genotoxicity has been associated with DNA-potassium bromate interaction supported by spectral shift. Potassium bromate caused a decrease in GSH levels and an increase in MDA, SOD and CAT levels, thereby disrupting the antioxidant/oxidant balance in root tip cells. GSE administration in two different doses together with potassium bromate reduced the toxic effects and caused improvements in all parameters examined. The most significant reduction in toxicity was in group VI, which received 930 mg/L GSE, and there was an improvement about 18% in MI levels and an improvement about 44% in GSH levels in this group. While GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels, it decreased MDA, SOD, CAT levels, MN and CAs frequencies. As a result, it has been determined that potassium bromate causes multi-directional toxicity at high doses and A. cepa is a very reliable indicator in determining this toxicity. In addition, GSE extract has been found to have a strong role in reducing the toxicity induced by potassium bromate.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate reduced physiological parameters in Allium.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- potassium bromate exposuree0
- Outcome
- physiological parameter valuese0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium bromate exposure caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in all physiological parameter values”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate reduced the mitotic index by 41.6%.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- Potassium bromate applicatione0
- Outcome
- MIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 41.6%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium bromate application decreased MI by 41.6%”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate increased micronucleus frequency.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- potassium bromatet0
- Outcome
- MNe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the MN and CAs frequencies”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate increased chromosomal abnormality frequency.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- potassium bromatet0
- Outcome
- CAs frequenciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the MN and CAs frequencies”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate induced multiple chromosomal abnormalities in root meristems.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- root meristem cellse0
- Treatment
- potassium bromatet0
- Outcome
- fragment, sticky chromosome, and vagrant chromosomee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, and vagrant chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, reverse polarization, nuclear bud and disordered mitosis were induced in root meristem cells”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors associated genotoxicity with DNA–potassium bromate interaction.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Outcome
- potassium bromate genotoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- DNA-potassium bromate interaction supported by spectral shifte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mechanism of potassium bromate genotoxicity has been associated with DNA-potassium bromate interaction supported by spectral shift”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate decreased glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- Potassium bromatee0
- Outcome
- GSH levelse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium bromate caused a decrease in GSH levels”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate increased malondialdehyde levels.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- Potassium bromatet0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in MDA, SOD and CAT levels”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate increased superoxide dismutase levels.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- Potassium bromatet0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in MDA, SOD and CAT levels”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium bromate increased catalase levels.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- Potassium bromatet0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in MDA, SOD and CAT levels”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Both grape seed extract doses reduced potassium bromate toxicity across examined parameters.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- GSE administration in two different doses together with potassium bromatee0
- Outcome
- toxic effectse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSE administration in two different doses together with potassium bromate reduced the toxic effects and caused improvements in all parameters examined”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest toxicity reduction was at 930 mg/L grape seed extract.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 930 mg/L GSEe2
- Outcome
- toxicitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most significant reduction in toxicity was in group VI, which received 930 mg/L GSE”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Mitotic index improved by about 18% at 930 mg/L grape seed extract.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 930 mg/L GSEe2
- Outcome
- MI levelse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was an improvement about 18% in MI levels and an improvement about 44% in GSH levels in this group”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione improved by about 44% at 930 mg/L grape seed extract.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 930 mg/L GSEe2
- Outcome
- GSH levelse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was an improvement about 18% in MI levels and an improvement about 44% in GSH levels in this group”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape seed extract increased physiological parameters.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- GSE applicatione3
- Outcome
- physiological parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape seed extract increased glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- GSE applicatione3
- Outcome
- GSH levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape seed extract decreased MDA, SOD, and CAT levels.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- GSE applicatione3
- Outcome
- MDA, SOD, CAT levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased MDA, SOD, CAT levels, MN and CAs frequencies”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape seed extract decreased micronucleus frequency.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- GSE applicatione3
- Outcome
- MNe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased MDA, SOD, CAT levels, MN and CAs frequencies”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape seed extract decreased chromosomal abnormality frequency.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- GSE applicatione3
- Outcome
- CAs frequenciese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- potassium bromatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased MDA, SOD, CAT levels, MN and CAs frequencies”
t0“In this study, the multiple toxic effects of potassium bromate were investigated in Allium cepa L.”
e1“as control and five treatment groups”
e2“which received 930 mg/L GSE”
e3“GSE application increased physiological parameters and GSH levels”
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