Abstract
The current experiment intended to investigate the plant growth-promoting effects of the bacterial endophytes, identified from Moringa oleifera, under salinity stress. These endophytic isolates, Serratia marcescens (KR-27), Klebsiella aerogenes (KL-4), and Lelliottia amnigena (KS-7) were checked for the phosphate solubilization activity, production of indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores, employing the quantitative calorimetric techniques. Amongst the tested strains, KS-7 produced substantial amount of IAA while the isolate KR-27 exhibit strong siderophores production and effective phosphate solubilization. Secondly, the effect of endophytic bacterial strains was checked on the rice plants’ morphological parameters in vitro. As a result, the endophytes slightly enhanced the growth indices and fresh/dry biomass of the rice plantlets. Furthermore, the biochemical characterization of the rice plants using standard calorimetric assays revealed that the endophytes inoculation substantially enhanced the level of phytohormones; including IAA, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), and salicylic acid (SA), while reducing the level of abscisic acid (ABA). The photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids are also elevated, thereby exhibiting the plant growth-promoting effect of the rice plants. Additionally, among the various metabolites, phenolic acid and flavonoids are substantially enhanced, while low level of proline indicates the efficiency of endophytes in the presence of salinity stress. The basic mechanism of endophytes in mitigating salt stress is the regulation of the imbalanced ionic concentrations. Besides, the introduction of the bacterial strains to the growth culture media in the presence of 200 mM NaCl induced the enzymatic antioxidant system of the rice plants. The strains; KS-7 and KR-27 effectively amplified the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione. All these outcomes recommend the applications of newly identified strains of M. oleifera in mitigating salinity stress in sustainable agricultural practices.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
KS-7 produced substantial IAA.
- Taxon
- Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleiferat0 - Interactor
- KS-7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- IAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KS-7 produced substantial amount of IAA”
t0“Moringa oleifera”
Claim · model-written summary
KR-27 produced siderophores and solubilized phosphate.
- Taxon
- Moringa oleiferaMoringa oleiferat0
- Interactor
- KR-27e0symbiont
- Outcome
- siderophores production and effective phosphate solubilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the isolate KR-27 exhibit strong siderophores production and effective phosphate solubilization”
t0“Moringa oleifera”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytes slightly enhanced rice growth indices and biomass.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- endophytese0
- Interactor
- endophytese0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth indices and fresh/dry biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the endophytes slightly enhanced the growth indices and fresh/dry biomass of the rice plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte inoculation enhanced rice IAA, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), and salicylic acid (SA).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- endophytes inoculatione0
- Interactor
- endophytese0symbiont
- Outcome
- IAA, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), and salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the endophytes inoculation substantially enhanced the level of phytohormones; including IAA, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), and salicylic acid (SA), while reducing the level of abscisic acid (ABA)”
e1“biochemical characterization of the rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte inoculation reducing rice abscisic acid (ABA).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- endophytes inoculatione0
- Interactor
- endophytese0symbiont
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the endophytes inoculation substantially enhanced the level of phytohormones; including IAA, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), and salicylic acid (SA), while reducing the level of abscisic acid (ABA)”
e1“biochemical characterization of the rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic pigments were elevated.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids are also elevated”
e1“rice plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic acid and flavonoids increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- phenolic acid and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic acid and flavonoids are substantially enhanced”
e1“rice plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline remained low under salinity stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- endophytese0symbiont
- Outcome
- low level of prolinee0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low level of proline indicates the efficiency of endophytes in the presence of salinity stress”
e1“rice plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute salt stress mitigation to regulation of ionic concentrations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- endophytese0symbiont
- Outcome
- mitigating salt stresse0
- Qualifier
- regulation of the imbalanced ionic concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The basic mechanism of endophytes in mitigating salt stress is the regulation of the imbalanced ionic concentrations”
e1“rice plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial strains induced the rice enzymatic antioxidant system under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- introduction of the bacterial strains to the growth culture media in the presence of 200 mM NaCle0
- Interactor
- bacterial strainse0symbiont
- Outcome
- enzymatic antioxidant systeme0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the introduction of the bacterial strains to the growth culture media in the presence of 200 mM NaCl induced the enzymatic antioxidant system of the rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
KS-7 and KR-27 amplified catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- KS-7 and KR-27e0
- Interactor
- KS-7e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- KR-27e0symbiont
- Outcome
- enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathionee0
- Direction
- amplifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KS-7 and KR-27 effectively amplified the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione”
e1“rice plantlets”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.