Abstract
Abstract Water scarcity and drought stress pose significant challenges to wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ‘Chamran‐2’) production, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. This study, conducted during 2022–2024 in Fars Province, Iran, evaluated integrated nutrient management (INM) strategies under deficit irrigation (DI). A split‐plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design was implemented, with four replications. Main plots included full irrigation (FI) and DI applied at noncritical growth stages (tillering, stem elongation, and post‐pollination), while subplots comprised four INM treatments: optimal nutrition (control) (ON), biofertilizers with humic acid (BH), foliar sprays of fulvic acid, potassium silicate, and amino acids (F), and a combined F+BH treatment. DI reduced nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and grain quality, but INM, especially F+BH, mitigated these effects by improving nutrient translocation, osmotic adjustment, and oxidative stress tolerance. The combined F+BH treatment increased chlorophyll a and b by 8.6%, photosynthesis by 7.7%, and stomatal conductance by 13.8%, while reducing proline by 26.2%, indicating stress alleviation. Under DI+F+BH, water use efficiency (WUE) improved by 53.3% compared to FI+ON. Principal component analysis identified calcium, boron, and zinc as key contributors to metabolic efficiency and drought resilience. The DI+F+BH treatment effectively sustained productivity, enhancing physiological traits, grain protein content, and economic returns. DI, combined with F+BH, demonstrated superior WUE and profitability, emphasizing its value as a water‐saving strategy in arid regions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced wheat nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and grain quality.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and grain qualitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI reduced nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and grain quality”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management, especially F+BH, mitigated deficit irrigation effects by improving translocation, osmotic adjustment and oxidative stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- INM, especially F+BHe0
- Outcome
- mitigated these effectse0
- Qualifier
- improving nutrient translocation, osmotic adjustment, and oxidative stress tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“INM, especially F+BH, mitigated these effects by improving nutrient translocation, osmotic adjustment, and oxidative stress tolerance.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH increased chlorophyll a and b by 8.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- F+BHe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and be0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined F+BH treatment increased chlorophyll a and b by 8.6%”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH increased photosynthesis by 7.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined F+BH treatment increased chlorophyll a and b by 8.6%, photosynthesis by 7.7%, and stomatal conductance by 13.8%, while reducing proline by 26.2%”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH increased stomatal conductance by 13.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- F+BHe0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined F+BH treatment increased chlorophyll a and b by 8.6%, photosynthesis by 7.7%, and stomatal conductance by 13.8%, while reducing proline by 26.2%”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
F+BH reduced proline by 26.2%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined F+BH treatment increased chlorophyll a and b by 8.6%, photosynthesis by 7.7%, and stomatal conductance by 13.8%, while reducing proline by 26.2%”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DI+F+BH improved water use efficiency by 53.3% against FI+ON.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DI+F+BHe0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 53.3%e0
- Comparator
- FI+ONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under DI+F+BH, water use efficiency (WUE) improved by 53.3% compared to FI+ON.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis identified calcium, boron and zinc as key contributors to metabolic efficiency and drought resilience.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- calcium, boron, and zince0
- Outcome
- metabolic efficiency and drought resiliencee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal component analysis identified calcium, boron, and zinc as key contributors to metabolic efficiency and drought resilience.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DI+F+BH sustained productivity and enhanced physiological traits, grain protein and economic returns.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DI+F+BHe0
- Outcome
- physiological traits, grain protein content, and economic returnse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DI+F+BH treatment effectively sustained productivity, enhancing physiological traits, grain protein content, and economic returns.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors present DI plus F+BH as a water-saving strategy in arid regions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DI, combined with F+BHe0
- Outcome
- water‐saving strategy in arid regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI, combined with F+BH, demonstrated superior WUE and profitability, emphasizing its value as a water‐saving strategy in arid regions.”
t0“wheat”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
76 papers more in this group
See all 80 papers →other · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →other · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →other · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →other · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →inoculation · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
33 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
38 papers more in this group
See all 42 papers →irrigation · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
46 papers more in this group
See all 50 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.