Abstract
Cell wall-degrading enzymes are viewed as extracellular virulence factors. However, their potential to act as immune elicitors and interact with intracellular immune receptors remains poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that six conserved glycoside hydrolase 7 (GH7) family proteins from the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae have dual roles in virulence and immune activation. Deletion of each GH7 gene significantly impaired virulence without affecting fungal growth. The secretion of each GH7 protein was confirmed using yeast invertase and triphenyltetrazolium chloride assays. Live-cell imaging revealed that all GH7 proteins translocate into plant cells and localize to the cytoplasm, where they triggered canonical immune responses, including hypersensitive cell death, reactive oxygen species burst, and callose deposition, independent of their enzymatic activity. Genetic disruption of Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1) and Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1 (NDR1), but not Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), compromised GH7-triggered cell death, indicating that GH7-triggered cell death partially depends on a classical NLR-mediated signalling pathway. Thus, GH7s act as both virulence factors and unconventional intracellular effectors that activate effector-triggered immunity via the SGT1-NDR1 pathway. This reveals how fungal metabolic enzymes evolve effector-like properties and offers new insight into host-pathogen coevolution.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Deleting each of six GH7 genes impaired Verticillium virulence.
- Taxon
- Verticillium dahliae
Verticillium dahliaet0 - Treatment
- Deletion of each GH7 genee0
- Gene
- GH7e0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deletion of each GH7 gene significantly impaired virulence without affecting fungal growth”
t0“Verticillium dahliae”
Claim · model-written summary
Deleting each GH7 gene did not affect fungal growth.
- Taxon
- Verticillium dahliaeVerticillium dahliaet0
- Treatment
- Deletion of each GH7 genee0
- Gene
- GH7e0
- Outcome
- fungal growthe0
- Direction
- without affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deletion of each GH7 gene significantly impaired virulence without affecting fungal growth”
t0“Verticillium dahliae”
Claim · model-written summary
Each GH7 protein was confirmed to be secreted.
- Taxon
- Verticillium dahliaeVerticillium dahliaet0
- Gene
- GH7 proteine0
- Outcome
- secretione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The secretion of each GH7 protein was confirmed using yeast invertase and triphenyltetrazolium chloride assays”
t0“Verticillium dahliae”
Claim · model-written summary
All GH7 proteins entered plant cells and localized in the cytoplasm.
- Taxon
- Verticillium dahliaeVerticillium dahliaet0
- Gene
- GH7 proteinse0
- Outcome
- translocate into plant cells and localize to the cytoplasme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all GH7 proteins translocate into plant cells and localize to the cytoplasm”
t0“Verticillium dahliae”
Claim · model-written summary
GH7 proteins triggered hypersensitive cell death, reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition independently of enzymatic activity.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae2 - Gene
- GH7e1
- Outcome
- hypersensitive cell death, reactive oxygen species burst, and callose depositione0
- Qualifier
- independent of their enzymatic activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they triggered canonical immune responses, including hypersensitive cell death, reactive oxygen species burst, and callose deposition, independent of their enzymatic activity”
e1“Deletion of each GH7 gene significantly impaired virulence without affecting fungal growth”
e2“Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupting SGT1 compromised GH7-triggered cell death.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Genetic disruptione0
- Gene
- Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1)e0
- Outcome
- GH7-triggered cell deathe0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genetic disruption of Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1) and Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1 (NDR1), but not Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), compromised GH7-triggered cell death”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupting NDR1 compromised GH7-triggered cell death.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Genetic disruptione0
- Gene
- Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1 (NDR1)e0
- Outcome
- GH7-triggered cell deathe0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genetic disruption of Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1) and Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1 (NDR1), but not Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), compromised GH7-triggered cell death”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupting EDS1 did not compromise GH7-triggered cell death.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae2
- Treatment
- Genetic disruptione1
- Gene
- Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1)e0
- Outcome
- GH7-triggered cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), compromised GH7-triggered cell death”
e1“Genetic disruption of Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1) and Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1 (NDR1), but not Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), compromised GH7-triggered cell death”
e2“Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that GH7-triggered cell death partly depends on the SGT1-NDR1 pathway.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae2
- Gene
- SGT1e1
- Outcome
- GH7-triggered cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- classical NLR-mediated signalling pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GH7-triggered cell death partially depends on a classical NLR-mediated signalling pathway”
e1“Genetic disruption of Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1) and Non-race specific Disease Resistance 1 (NDR1), but not Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), compromised GH7-triggered cell death”
e2“Nicotiana benthamiana Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1)”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · cytology · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →loss of function · disease · Verticillium dahliaeResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.