Abstract
BACKGROUND: Plant-infecting viruses cause severe crop losses throughout the world. The frequent occurrence of mixed infection (co-existence of multiple viruses in a single infected plant) in the field makes the situation more alarming. Mixed infection of two viruses often boosts the fitness of either of the viruses and thus increases disease severity. Maize lethal necrosis disease and rice tungro disease are some devastating examples. This study focused on the mixed viral infection between begomovirus, a ssDNA virus, and potato virus X (PVX), a ssRNA virus. RESULTS: V2 protein encoded by a monopartite begomovirus, pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus (PepLCBV), promotes the accumulation of PVX. When Nicotiana benthamiana plants were infected with both PVX and PepLCBV, aggravated PVX-induced symptoms and increased PVX titre were detected compared to plants infected with PVX alone. This observation suggests that PepLCBV promotes the viral titre of PVX during mixed infection. Next, when PepLCBVΔV2 infectious clone was co-infiltrated with PVX, no increase in PVX-associated symptoms was observed in the plants, which confirmed that the V2 protein plays a pivotal role in mediating the interaction between these two viruses. PepLCBV-V2 was experimentally identified as a potent suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Its interaction with suppressor of gene silencing 3 (NbSGS3) was confirmed through yeast two-hybrid and BiFC. Silencing of NbSGS3 facilitated PVX pathogenesis. Next, specific amino acids responsible for the suppressor activity of the V2 protein were identified, and the silencing suppressor mutant V2 failed to boost the PVX titre. A similar observation was recorded when the association of PVX with a bipartite begomovirus, tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, was checked in both N. benthamiana and tomato. CONCLUSION: The present study, for the first time, reports that begomoviruses promote the pathogenesis of potato virus X during mixed infection and identifies begomoviral pre-coat protein (V2/AV2) as a key player in mediating this virus-virus interaction. We further demonstrated that the silencing suppression activity of V2 is important for regulating PVX titre in mixed-infected plants.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
PepLCBV V2 promotes PVX accumulation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- PepLCBVe0pathogen
- Gene
- V2 proteine1
- Outcome
- accumulation of PVXe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When Nicotiana benthamiana plants were infected with both PVX and PepLCBV”
e1“V2 protein encoded by a monopartite begomovirus, pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus (PepLCBV), promotes the accumulation of PVX.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed PVX and PepLCBV infection aggravated PVX symptoms and increased titre relative to PVX alone.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- infected with both PVX and PepLCBVe0
- Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- PepLCBVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- PVX-induced symptoms and increased PVX titree0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- plants infected with PVX alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When Nicotiana benthamiana plants were infected with both PVX and PepLCBV, aggravated PVX-induced symptoms and increased PVX titre were detected compared to plants infected with PVX alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
PepLCBV without V2 did not increase PVX symptoms.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- PepLCBVΔV2 infectious clonee0
- Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- PepLCBVΔV2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- PVX-associated symptomse0
- Direction
- no increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when PepLCBVΔV2 infectious clone was co-infiltrated with PVX, no increase in PVX-associated symptoms was observed in the plants”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PepLCBV V2 suppresses post-transcriptional gene silencing.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Gene
- PepLCBV-V2e1
- Outcome
- suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicotiana benthamiana plants”
e1“PepLCBV-V2 was experimentally identified as a potent suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing.”
Claim · model-written summary
PepLCBV V2 interacts with NbSGS3.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Gene
- suppressor of gene silencing 3 (NbSGS3)e1
- Outcome
- interactione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicotiana benthamiana plants”
e1“Its interaction with suppressor of gene silencing 3 (NbSGS3) was confirmed through yeast two-hybrid and BiFC.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing NbSGS3 facilitated PVX pathogenesis.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Silencing of NbSGS3e1
- Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe1pathogen
- Gene
- NbSGS3e1
- Outcome
- PVX pathogenesise1
- Direction
- facilitatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicotiana benthamiana plants”
e1“Silencing of NbSGS3 facilitated PVX pathogenesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
A silencing-suppressor V2 mutant failed to boost PVX titre.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- silencing suppressor mutant V2e1
- Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe1pathogen
- Gene
- V2e1
- Outcome
- PVX titree1
- Direction
- failed to booste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicotiana benthamiana plants”
e1“the silencing suppressor mutant V2 failed to boost the PVX titre.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus showed a similar association with PVX in N. benthamiana and tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- tomato leaf curl New Delhi virusTomato leaf curl New Delhi viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- similar observatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar observation was recorded when the association of PVX with a bipartite begomovirus, tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, was checked in both N. benthamiana and tomato.”
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