Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the most significant greenhouse gas contributing to globalwarming. According to high-emission scenarios, CO₂ concentrations may exceed 1000 ppm by 2100 and rise above 2000 ppm by 2250. Carbon (C) occluded within phytoliths (PhytOC) is highly resistant to decomposition and can remain in soils for a long time. Since PhytOC originates from atmospheric CO₂ fixed through photosynthesis, it represents a potential long-term C sink. To investigate the C biosequestration potential of wheat, a hydroponic experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions. The study combined elevated CO₂ (eCO₂; 1000 ppm) with two silicon (Si) concentrations (0.5 mM and 1.5 mM H₄SiO₄), alongside a Si-free control. Parallel treatments were implemented at ambient CO₂ levels (aCO₂; approximately 400 ppm), using the same Si treatments. This experimental setup enabled assessment of the interactive effects of CO₂ enrichment and Si supply on wheat growth and its capacity for carbon stabilization via phytolith formation. At eCO₂, shoot dry biomass increased in all treatments, with the highest value (0.81 g plant⁻¹) recorded at 1.5 mM Si. Silicon supply enhanced total plant Si content across both CO₂ regimes. Silicon supply did not affect the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fm/Fv) indicating undisturbed photosynthetic performance. However, C concentration in shoot tissue slightly decreased with higher Si, possibly due to a dilution effect or changes in C allocation. The combination of Si addition and elevated CO₂ concentration significantly increased phytolith formation and PhytOC accumulation in wheat, whereas no detectable phytoliths were found in plants grown without Si supply. However, the C concentration in phytoliths was lower in the 1.5 mM Si treatment than in the 0.5 mM Si treatment under both aCO₂ and eCO₂ conditions. The C/N ratio in phytoliths also decreased with increasing Si supply and was consistently lower under eCO₂ compared to aCO₂. Nevertheless, the highest PhytOC content (1.15 mg plant⁻¹) was observed at eCO₂ with 1.5 mM Si, approximately 50% more than in the same Si treatment at aCO₂. These findings indicate that Si supply at elevated CO₂ levels not only enhances Si accumulation and phytolith-based C sequestration but also promotes greater biomass production and physiological performance. This highlights the potential of Si fertilisation in climate-resilient crop cultivation and long-term atmospheric CO₂ mitigation.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
At elevated CO2 (1000 ppm), shoot dry biomass of wheat increased in all silicon treatments, highest at 1.5 mM Si (0.81 g plant-1), compared with ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- shoote1
- Treatment
- eCO₂e1
- Outcome
- shoot dry biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0.81 g plant⁻¹e1
- Comparator
- aCO₂e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“At eCO₂, shoot dry biomass increased in all treatments, with the highest value (0.81 g plant⁻¹) recorded at 1.5 mM Si”
e2“Parallel treatments were implemented at ambient CO₂ levels (aCO₂; approximately 400 ppm), using the same Si treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply enhanced total plant Si content in wheat across both CO2 regimes, compared with a Si-free control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Silicon supplye1
- Outcome
- total plant Si contente1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- Si-free controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“Silicon supply enhanced total plant Si content across both CO₂ regimes”
e2“alongside a Si-free control”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply did not affect the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fm/Fv) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Silicon supplye1
- Outcome
- maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fm/Fv)e1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“Silicon supply did not affect the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fm/Fv) indicating undisturbed photosynthetic performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot C concentration in wheat slightly decreased with higher silicon supply, possibly due to dilution or changes in C allocation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoot tissuee1
- Treatment
- higher Sie1
- Outcome
- C concentration in shoot tissuee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- possibly due to a dilution effect or changes in C allocatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“C concentration in shoot tissue slightly decreased with higher Si, possibly due to a dilution effect or changes in C allocation”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of Si addition and elevated CO2 significantly increased phytolith formation and PhytOC accumulation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Si addition and elevated CO₂ concentratione1
- Outcome
- phytolith formation and PhytOC accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The combination of Si addition and elevated CO₂ concentration significantly increased phytolith formation and PhytOC accumulation in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
No detectable phytoliths were found in wheat grown without Si supply.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Si supplye1
- Outcome
- detectable phytolithse1
- Comparator
- without Si supplye1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“whereas no detectable phytoliths were found in plants grown without Si supply”
Claim · model-written summary
The C concentration in phytoliths was lower at 1.5 mM Si than at 0.5 mM Si under both aCO2 and eCO2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1.5 mM Sie1
- Outcome
- C concentration in phytolithse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- 0.5 mM Si treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“the C concentration in phytoliths was lower in the 1.5 mM Si treatment than in the 0.5 mM Si treatment under both aCO₂ and eCO₂ conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The C/N ratio in phytoliths decreased with increasing silicon supply.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing Si supplye1
- Outcome
- C/N ratio in phytolithse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“The C/N ratio in phytoliths also decreased with increasing Si supply”
Claim · model-written summary
The C/N ratio in phytoliths was lower under eCO2 than under aCO2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- eCO₂e2
- Outcome
- C/N ratio in phytolithse1
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- aCO₂e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“The C/N ratio in phytoliths also decreased with increasing Si supply”
e2“was consistently lower under eCO₂ compared to aCO₂”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest PhytOC content in wheat (1.15 mg plant-1) was observed at eCO2 with 1.5 mM Si.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- eCO₂ with 1.5 mM Sie1
- Outcome
- PhytOC contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.15 mg plant⁻¹e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“the highest PhytOC content (1.15 mg plant⁻¹) was observed at eCO₂ with 1.5 mM Si”
Claim · model-written summary
PhytOC content at eCO2 with 1.5 mM Si was approximately 50% higher than in the same Si treatment at aCO2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- eCO₂ with 1.5 mM Sie1
- Outcome
- PhytOC contente1
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- approximately 50%e2
- Comparator
- the same Si treatment at aCO₂e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“the highest PhytOC content (1.15 mg plant⁻¹) was observed at eCO₂ with 1.5 mM Si”
e2“approximately 50% more than in the same Si treatment at aCO₂”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon fertilisation has potential in climate-resilient wheat cultivation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Si fertilisation in climate-resilient crop cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat under elevated CO₂”
e1“This highlights the potential of Si fertilisation in climate-resilient crop cultivation”
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