Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is essential for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit quality and for preventing physiological disorders such as blossom-end rot. However, high total soil Ca does not necessarily translate into plant-available Ca due to factors such as soil pH and limited mobility. This study evaluated soil Ca availability and the effect of a chicken manure-based soil amendment on the growth and yield of four tomato genotypes (Pony Express F1, Palomo F1, Toro F1, and Perseo F1) grown on a loam–clay–sand soil containing 4886 ppm Ca. In the first cycle, conducted in a shade house, two Ca application levels (0% and 25% of the crop’s requirement) were tested. The 0% treatment outperformed the 25% treatment regarding yield-related traits, indicating that native soil Ca met crop demand; application of 25% Ca reduced total fruit weight and fruit number by 19.7% and 5.9%, respectively, while the 0% treatment produced 40.8% more first-quality fruits. Perseo F1 (Perseo) produced the highest yield of first-quality fruits (20.61 t ha−1), exceeding Pony Express F1 (Pony express), Palomo F1 (Palomo), and Toro F1 (Toro) by 10.8%, 6.6%, and 51.4%, respectively. In a second cycle under open-field conditions, incorporation of the chicken manure amendment significantly enhanced growth and yield: treated plants reached a 0.85 m height 58 days after transplanting, and overall yield increased to 70.08 t ha−1 compared with 50.30 t ha−1 in the control (21.9% increase). These results indicate that, while native soil Ca can satisfy crop requirements under the studied conditions, soil amendment under field conditions substantially improves plant performance and commercial yield potential.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The 0% Ca treatment outperformed the 25% Ca treatment for tomato yield-related traits, indicating native soil Ca met crop demand.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 0% treatmente1
- Outcome
- yield-related traitse1
- Direction
- outperformede1
- Comparator
- 25% treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e1“The 0% treatment outperformed the 25% treatment regarding yield-related traits, indicating that native soil Ca met crop demand”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 25% Ca reduced tomato total fruit weight by 19.7% relative to the 0% treatment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of 25% Cae2
- Outcome
- total fruit weighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 19.7%e2
- Comparator
- 0% treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e2“application of 25% Ca reduced total fruit weight and fruit number by 19.7% and 5.9%, respectively”
e1“The 0% treatment outperformed the 25% treatment regarding yield-related traits, indicating that native soil Ca met crop demand”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 25% Ca reduced tomato fruit number by 5.9% relative to the 0% treatment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of 25% Cae2
- Outcome
- fruit numbere2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 5.9%e2
- Comparator
- 0% treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e2“application of 25% Ca reduced total fruit weight and fruit number by 19.7% and 5.9%, respectively”
e1“The 0% treatment outperformed the 25% treatment regarding yield-related traits, indicating that native soil Ca met crop demand”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0% Ca treatment produced 40.8% more first-quality tomato fruits than the 25% treatment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0% treatmente3
- Outcome
- first-quality fruitse3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 40.8%e3
- Comparator
- 25% treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e3“the 0% treatment produced 40.8% more first-quality fruits”
e1“The 0% treatment outperformed the 25% treatment regarding yield-related traits, indicating that native soil Ca met crop demand”
Claim · model-written summary
Perseo F1 produced the highest yield of first-quality tomato fruits, 20.61 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Perseo F1 (Perseo)e4
- Outcome
- yield of first-quality fruitse4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 20.61 t ha−1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e4“Perseo F1 (Perseo) produced the highest yield of first-quality fruits (20.61 t ha−1), exceeding Pony Express F1 (Pony express), Palomo F1 (Palomo), and Toro F1 (Toro) by 10.8%, 6.6%, and 51.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Perseo F1 exceeded Pony Express F1 by 10.8% in yield of first-quality fruits.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Perseo F1 (Perseo)e4
- Outcome
- yield of first-quality fruitse4
- Direction
- exceedinge4
- Value
- 10.8%e4
- Comparator
- Pony Express F1 (Pony express)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e4“Perseo F1 (Perseo) produced the highest yield of first-quality fruits (20.61 t ha−1), exceeding Pony Express F1 (Pony express), Palomo F1 (Palomo), and Toro F1 (Toro) by 10.8%, 6.6%, and 51.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Perseo F1 exceeded Palomo F1 by 6.6% in yield of first-quality fruits.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Perseo F1 (Perseo)e4
- Outcome
- yield of first-quality fruitse4
- Direction
- exceedinge4
- Value
- 6.6%e4
- Comparator
- Palomo F1 (Palomo)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e4“Perseo F1 (Perseo) produced the highest yield of first-quality fruits (20.61 t ha−1), exceeding Pony Express F1 (Pony express), Palomo F1 (Palomo), and Toro F1 (Toro) by 10.8%, 6.6%, and 51.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Perseo F1 exceeded Toro F1 by 51.4% in yield of first-quality fruits.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Perseo F1 (Perseo)e4
- Outcome
- yield of first-quality fruitse4
- Direction
- exceedinge4
- Value
- 51.4%e4
- Comparator
- Toro F1 (Toro)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e4“Perseo F1 (Perseo) produced the highest yield of first-quality fruits (20.61 t ha−1), exceeding Pony Express F1 (Pony express), Palomo F1 (Palomo), and Toro F1 (Toro) by 10.8%, 6.6%, and 51.4%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporating the chicken manure amendment significantly enhanced tomato growth under open-field conditions.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- incorporation of the chicken manure amendmente5
- Outcome
- growthe5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Setting
- open-field conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e5“In a second cycle under open-field conditions, incorporation of the chicken manure amendment significantly enhanced growth and yield: treated plants reached a 0.85 m height 58 days after transplanting, and overall yield increased to 70.08 t ha−1 compared with 50.30 t ha−1 in the control (21.9% increase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicken manure-treated tomato plants reached a 0.85 m height 58 days after transplanting.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chicken manure amendmente5
- Outcome
- heighte5
- Value
- 0.85 me5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e5“In a second cycle under open-field conditions, incorporation of the chicken manure amendment significantly enhanced growth and yield: treated plants reached a 0.85 m height 58 days after transplanting, and overall yield increased to 70.08 t ha−1 compared with 50.30 t ha−1 in the control (21.9% increase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporating the chicken manure amendment increased overall tomato yield by 21.9% compared with the control under open-field conditions.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- incorporation of the chicken manure amendmente5
- Outcome
- overall yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 21.9%e5
- Qualifier
- 70.08 t ha−1 compared with 50.30 t ha−1e5
- Comparator
- controle5
- Setting
- open-field conditionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Hybrid Performance”
e5“In a second cycle under open-field conditions, incorporation of the chicken manure amendment significantly enhanced growth and yield: treated plants reached a 0.85 m height 58 days after transplanting, and overall yield increased to 70.08 t ha−1 compared with 50.30 t ha−1 in the control (21.9% increase)”
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