Abstract
Phytohormones play essential roles in plant-nematode interactions through complex crosstalk. Although these hormones often accumulate in nematode-resistant plants, the roles of abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) in rice (Oryza sativa) resistance to the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne graminicola (Mg) remain unclear, particularly regarding concentration dependency and underlying mechanisms. Using exogenous hormone gradient treatments, we show that only high concentrations of ABA (200 µM) and ET-releasing compound ethephon (Eth, 500 µM) induce systemic nematode resistance. High-concentration ET triggers endogenous systemic accumulation of ET and jasmonic acid (JA), accompanied by transient suppression followed by delayed accumulation of ABA, and induces JA-, ABA-, and salicylic acid (SA)-associated transcriptional responses. Exogenous ABA leads to endogenous ABA and SA accumulation and increased expression of related genes, while it suppresses ET biosynthesis gene expression and levels, highlighting a negative feedback effect of ABA on ET. Both hormones converge on a common mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (OsMPK5)-dependent transcriptional and translational module. Low doses of ABA (50 µM) failed to activate this module and induced plant susceptibility, highlighting a threshold requirement for immune activation. Offspring of rice plants treated bi-weekly with high doses of ABA or ET were less susceptible to nematodes. This intergenerational acquired resistance was also OsMPK5-dependent. Our findings reveal concentration-dependent systemic effects of ABA and ET, whereby high-dose ABA and ET converge on OsMPK5 to reprogram translation and defense gene expression, underpinning both immediate and heritable resistance to root-knot nematodes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ABA induced systemic nematode resistance in rice.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“only high concentrations of ABA (200 µM) and ET-releasing compound ethephon (Eth, 500 µM) induce systemic nematode resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ethephon induced systemic nematode resistance in rice.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“only high concentrations of ABA (200 µM) and ET-releasing compound ethephon (Eth, 500 µM) induce systemic nematode resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ET triggered systemic accumulation of ET and JA.
- Treatment
- High-concentration ETe0
- Outcome
- endogenous systemic accumulation of ET and jasmonic acid (JA)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“High-concentration ET triggers endogenous systemic accumulation of ET and jasmonic acid (JA)”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ET transiently suppressed ABA before delayed accumulation.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“transient suppression followed by delayed accumulation of ABA”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ET induced JA-, ABA-, and SA-associated transcriptional responses.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“induces JA-, ABA-, and salicylic acid (SA)-associated transcriptional responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA caused endogenous ABA and SA accumulation.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous ABA leads to endogenous ABA and SA accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA increased expression of related genes.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous ABA leads to endogenous ABA and SA accumulation and increased expression of related genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA suppressed ET biosynthesis gene expression.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“it suppresses ET biosynthesis gene expression and levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA suppressed ET levels.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“it suppresses ET biosynthesis gene expression and levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Both hormones acted through an OsMPK5-dependent transcriptional and translational module.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Both hormones converge on a common mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (OsMPK5)-dependent transcriptional and translational module”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-dose ABA failed to activate the OsMPK5-dependent module.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Low doses of ABA (50 µM) failed to activate this module”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-dose ABA induced rice susceptibility.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Low doses of ABA (50 µM) failed to activate this module and induced plant susceptibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Offspring of high-dose ABA-treated rice were less susceptible to nematodes.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- high doses of ABAe0
- Outcome
- susceptible to nematodese0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Offspring of rice plants treated bi-weekly with high doses of ABA or ET were less susceptible to nematodes”
Claim · model-written summary
Offspring of high-dose ET-treated rice were less susceptible to nematodes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ETe0
- Outcome
- susceptible to nematodese0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Offspring of rice plants treated bi-weekly with high doses of ABA or ET were less susceptible to nematodes”
Claim · model-written summary
Inherited resistance depended on OsMPK5.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“This intergenerational acquired resistance was also OsMPK5-dependent”
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