Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a strategic food crop for arid, hot regions such as the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, and North Africa. In these areas, production is limited by extreme environmental and agronomic conditions, leading to heavy dependence on imported wheat. Irrigation is often essential for successful cultivation, but available water sources are frequently saline. This study evaluated the comparative effects of irrigation salinity and genotype on agronomic performance, physiological responses, and grain quality. Nine Syrian wheat genotypes and one French bread-making cultivar, Florence Aurora, were grown in sandy soil under three irrigation salinity levels (2.6, 10, and 15 dS m−1) across two seasons at the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (Dubai, UAE). Salinity strongly negatively impacted yield, which decreased by 61% from the control to 15 dS m−1, along with key yield components such as thousand grain weight and total biomass. Physiological traits, including carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and Na concentrations in roots, shoots and grains, increased significantly with salinity, while chlorophyll content showed a modest decline. Effects on grain quality were relatively minor: total nitrogen concentration and most mineral levels increased slightly, mainly due to a passive concentration effect associated with reduced TGW. Genotypes varied significantly in yield, biomass, TGW, physiological traits, and grain quality. The highest-yielding genotypes under control conditions (ACSAD 981 and ACSAD 1147) also performed best under saline conditions, and no trade-off was observed between yield and grain quality parameters (TGW, nitrogen, zinc, and iron concentrations). Separate analyses conducted for control and saline treatments identified different drivers of genotypic variability. Under control conditions, chlorophyll content, closely linked with δ13C, was the best predictor of genotypic differences and was positively correlated with yield across genotypes. Under salinity stress, grain magnesium (Mg) concentration was the strongest predictor, followed by grain δ13C, with both traits positively correlated with yield. These findings highlight key physiological traits linked to salinity tolerance and offer insights into the mechanisms underlying genotypic variability under both optimal and saline irrigation conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased yield of bread wheat by 61% from the control to 15 dS m−1
- Taxon
- Bread Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 61%e0
- Qualifier
- 15 dS m−1e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Salinity strongly negatively impacted yield, which decreased by 61% from the control to 15 dS m−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity negatively impacted thousand grain weight and total biomass of bread wheat
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- thousand grain weight and total biomasse1
- Direction
- negatively impactede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Salinity strongly negatively impacted yield, which decreased by 61% from the control to 15 dS m−1”
e1“along with key yield components such as thousand grain weight and total biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased carbon isotope composition and Na concentrations in roots, shoots and grains of bread wheat
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots, shoots and grainse0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and Na concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Physiological traits, including carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and Na concentrations in roots, shoots and grains, increased significantly with salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content of bread wheat showed a modest decline under salinity
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Qualifier
- modeste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Physiological traits, including carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and Na concentrations in roots, shoots and grains, increased significantly with salinity”
e1“while chlorophyll content showed a modest decline”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity slightly increased total nitrogen concentration and most mineral levels of bread wheat
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen concentration and most mineral levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- slightlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Physiological traits, including carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and Na concentrations in roots, shoots and grains, increased significantly with salinity”
e1“total nitrogen concentration and most mineral levels increased slightly, mainly due to a passive concentration effect associated with reduced TGW”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in grain nitrogen and mineral concentrations of bread wheat under salinity is a passive concentration effect associated with reduced TGW
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen concentratione0
- Qualifier
- a passive concentration effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“total nitrogen concentration and most mineral levels increased slightly, mainly due to a passive concentration effect associated with reduced TGW”
Claim · model-written summary
Bread wheat genotypes varied significantly in yield, biomass and TGW
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Genotypese0
- Outcome
- yield, biomass, TGWe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Genotypes varied significantly in yield, biomass, TGW, physiological traits, and grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Bread wheat genotypes varied significantly in physiological traits and grain quality
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Genotypese0
- Outcome
- physiological traits, and grain qualitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Genotypes varied significantly in yield, biomass, TGW, physiological traits, and grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
ACSAD 981 performed best under saline conditions among the highest-yielding genotypes under control conditions
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- ACSAD 981e0
- Outcome
- performed best under saline conditionse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Setting
- saline conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“The highest-yielding genotypes under control conditions (ACSAD 981 and ACSAD 1147) also performed best under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
ACSAD 1147 performed best under saline conditions among the highest-yielding genotypes under control conditions
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- ACSAD 1147e0
- Outcome
- performed best under saline conditionse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Setting
- saline conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“The highest-yielding genotypes under control conditions (ACSAD 981 and ACSAD 1147) also performed best under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
No trade-off was observed between yield and grain quality parameters of bread wheat
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- trade-offe0
- Qualifier
- between yield and grain quality parameterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“no trade-off was observed between yield and grain quality parameters (TGW, nitrogen, zinc, and iron concentrations)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content under control conditions was positively correlated with yield across bread wheat genotypes
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Setting
- Under control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Under control conditions, chlorophyll content, closely linked with δ13C, was the best predictor of genotypic differences and was positively correlated with yield across genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Under control conditions, chlorophyll content was the best predictor of genotypic differences in bread wheat
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- best predictor of genotypic differencese0
- Qualifier
- chlorophyll contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Under control conditions, chlorophyll content, closely linked with δ13C, was the best predictor of genotypic differences and was positively correlated with yield across genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity stress, grain magnesium concentration was the strongest predictor of genotypic differences in bread wheat
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- strongest predictore0
- Qualifier
- grain magnesium (Mg) concentratione0
- Setting
- Under salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Under salinity stress, grain magnesium (Mg) concentration was the strongest predictor, followed by grain δ13C, with both traits positively correlated with yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity stress, grain traits were positively correlated with yield in bread wheat
- Taxon
- Bread WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Setting
- Under salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Influence of Saline Irrigation and Genotype on Yield, Grain Quality and Physiological Ideotypic Indicators of Bread Wheat in Hot Arid Zones”
e0“Under salinity stress, grain magnesium (Mg) concentration was the strongest predictor, followed by grain δ13C, with both traits positively correlated with yield”
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