Abstract
Against the backdrop of escalating global climate challenges, minimizing carbon emissions while enhancing energy efficiency in rice production has emerged as a core pathway toward achieving agricultural carbon neutrality. A two-year field study conducted in the Yangtze River Delta evaluated three rice cultivation practices: the farmers’ practice pattern (FPP), surface-applied controlled-release fertilizer with machine transplanting (S-CRF), and side-deep applied controlled-release fertilizer with machine transplanting (SD-CRF). Compared to FPP and S-CRF, SD-CRF increased grain yields by 11.3% and 9.2%, respectively, while reducing total energy input by 2.5% and 2.4%. It lowered the carbon intensity of production by 9.7% and 8.2% relative to FPP and S-CRF, primarily through reducing fertilizer/labor-associated carbon inputs and enhancing carbon-use efficiency via higher yield. Economically, SD-CRF outperformed traditional practices, achieving an 81.8% increase in net income and a 37.4% higher benefit-to-cost ratio compared with FPP, respectively, driven by labor cost savings and improved productivity. Notably, SD-CRF reduces labor input by 40.0% compared with FPP, simplifies fertilization operations, lowers farmers’ operational technical thresholds, and effectively boosts their economic income. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) further validated SD-CRF’s superior eco-efficiency, highlighting its dual advantage in balancing yield enhancement and environmental sustainability. Further clarification of SD-CRF application technical indicators, refinement of agronomic practices and machinery efficiency, and promotion of the integrated system’s synergistic benefits and scalable adoption are required to support global sustainable food systems and carbon neutrality goals.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF raised rice grain yield by 11.3% relative to FPP.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- SD-CRFe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.3%e0
- Comparator
- FPPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to FPP and S-CRF, SD-CRF increased grain yields by 11.3% and 9.2%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF raised rice grain yield by 9.2% relative to S-CRF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SD-CRFe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.2%e0
- Comparator
- S-CRFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to FPP and S-CRF, SD-CRF increased grain yields by 11.3% and 9.2%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF reduced total energy input by 2.5% relative to FPP.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SD-CRFe0
- Outcome
- total energy inpute0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 2.5%e0
- Comparator
- FPPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to FPP and S-CRF, SD-CRF increased grain yields by 11.3% and 9.2%, respectively, while reducing total energy input by 2.5% and 2.4%”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Production”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF reduced total energy input by 2.4% relative to S-CRF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SD-CRFe0
- Outcome
- total energy inpute0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 2.4%e0
- Comparator
- S-CRFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to FPP and S-CRF, SD-CRF increased grain yields by 11.3% and 9.2%, respectively, while reducing total energy input by 2.5% and 2.4%”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Production”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF lowered carbon intensity by 9.7% relative to FPP.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- carbon intensity of productione0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 9.7%e0
- Comparator
- FPPe0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It lowered the carbon intensity of production by 9.7% and 8.2% relative to FPP and S-CRF”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF lowered carbon intensity by 8.2% relative to S-CRF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- carbon intensity of productione0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 8.2%e0
- Comparator
- S-CRFe0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It lowered the carbon intensity of production by 9.7% and 8.2% relative to FPP and S-CRF”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF increased net income by 81.8% compared with FPP.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SD-CRFe0
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 81.8%e0
- Comparator
- FPPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD-CRF outperformed traditional practices, achieving an 81.8% increase in net income and a 37.4% higher benefit-to-cost ratio compared with FPP”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF increased benefit-to-cost ratio by 37.4% compared with FPP.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SD-CRFe0
- Outcome
- benefit-to-cost ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 37.4%e0
- Comparator
- FPPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD-CRF outperformed traditional practices, achieving an 81.8% increase in net income and a 37.4% higher benefit-to-cost ratio compared with FPP”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF reduced labor input by 40.0% compared with FPP.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SD-CRFe0
- Outcome
- labor inpute0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 40.0%e0
- Comparator
- FPPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD-CRF reduces labor input by 40.0% compared with FPP”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SD-CRF had superior eco-efficiency in data envelopment analysis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- eco-efficiencye0
- Direction
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data envelopment analysis (DEA) further validated SD-CRF’s superior eco-efficiency”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
transplanting · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
921 papers in the same direction as this paper · 132 in the opposite direction · 24 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
1,074 papers more in this group
See all 1,078 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.