Abstract
Introduction: The application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRN) has become an important production method to achieve high crop yield and ecological safety. However, the rate of urea-blended CRN for rice is usually determined by conventional urea, and the actual rate is still unclear. Methods: A five-year field experiment was carried out in the Chaohu watershed in the Yangtze River Delta to study rice yield, N fertilizer utilization efficiency (NUE), ammonia (NH3) volatilization and economic benefit under the four urea-blended CRN treatments with a 4:3:3 ratio applied at one time (60, 120, 180, 240 kg/hm2, CRN60, CRN120, CRN180, CRN240), four conventional N fertilizer treatments (N60, N120, N180, N240) and a control without N fertilizer (N0). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the N released from the blended CRNs could well satisfy the N demand of rice growth. Similar to the conventional N fertilizer treatments, a quadratic equation was used to model the relationship between rice yield and N rate under the blended CRN treatments. The blended CRN treatments increased rice yield by 0.9-8.2% and NUE by 6.9-14.8%, respectively, compared with the conventional N fertilizer treatments at the same N application rate. The increase in NUE in response to applied blended CRN was related to the reduction in NH3 volatilization. Based on the quadratic equation, the five-year average NUE under the blended CRN treatment was 42.0% when rice yield reached the maximum, which was 28.9% higher than that under the conventional N fertilizer treatment. Among all treatments, CRN180 had the highest yield and net benefit in 2019. Considering the yield output, environmental loss, labor and fertilizer costs, the optimum economic N rate under the blended CRN treatment in the Chaohu watershed was 180-214 kg/hm2, compared with 212-278 kg/hm2 under the conventional N fertilizer treatment. The findings suggest that blended CRN improved rice yield, NUE and economic income while decreasing NH3 volatilization and negative environmental outcomes.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Blended CRN nitrogen release satisfied rice growth demand.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- satisfy the N demand of rice growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N released from the blended CRNs could well satisfy the N demand of rice growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
A quadratic equation modeled the rice yield response to blended CRN nitrogen rate, similarly to conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- relationship between rice yield and N ratee0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizer treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar to the conventional N fertilizer treatments, a quadratic equation was used to model the relationship between rice yield and N rate under the blended CRN treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blended CRN increased rice yield by 0.9-8.2% compared with conventional fertilizer at equal nitrogen rates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- blended CRN treatmentse0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.9-8.2%e0
- Qualifier
- same N application ratee0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizer treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The blended CRN treatments increased rice yield by 0.9-8.2% and NUE by 6.9-14.8%, respectively, compared with the conventional N fertilizer treatments at the same N application rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blended CRN increased rice NUE by 6.9-14.8% compared with conventional fertilizer at equal nitrogen rates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- blended CRN treatmentse0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.9-14.8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizer treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The blended CRN treatments increased rice yield by 0.9-8.2% and NUE by 6.9-14.8%, respectively, compared with the conventional N fertilizer treatments at the same N application rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased NUE under blended CRN was related to reduced ammonia volatilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- applied blended CRNe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- reduction in NH3 volatilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in NUE in response to applied blended CRN was related to the reduction in NH3 volatilization.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeled five-year average rice NUE at maximum yield under blended CRN was 42.0%, 28.9% higher than conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- blended CRN treatmente0
- Outcome
- five-year average NUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 42.0%e0
- Qualifier
- 28.9% highere0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizer treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on the quadratic equation, the five-year average NUE under the blended CRN treatment was 42.0% when rice yield reached the maximum, which was 28.9% higher than that under the conventional N fertilizer treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
CRN180 had the highest rice yield and net benefit in 2019.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRN180e0
- Outcome
- yield and net benefite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 2019e0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among all treatments, CRN180 had the highest yield and net benefit in 2019.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimum economic blended CRN nitrogen rate in the Chaohu watershed was 180-214 kg/hm2, compared with 212-278 kg/hm2 for conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- blended CRN treatmente0
- Outcome
- optimum economic N ratee0
- Value
- 180-214 kg/hm2e0
- Qualifier
- 212-278 kg/hm2e0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizer treatmente0
- Setting
- Chaohu watershede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum economic N rate under the blended CRN treatment in the Chaohu watershed was 180-214 kg/hm2, compared with 212-278 kg/hm2 under the conventional N fertilizer treatment.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Blended CRN improved rice economic income.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- blended CRNe0
- Outcome
- economic incomee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blended CRN improved rice yield, NUE and economic income while decreasing NH3 volatilization and negative environmental outcomes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blended CRN decreased ammonia volatilization and negative environmental outcomes.
- Treatment
- blended CRNe0
- Outcome
- NH3 volatilization and negative environmental outcomese0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“blended CRN improved rice yield, NUE and economic income while decreasing NH3 volatilization and negative environmental outcomes.”
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