Abstract
Biochar application can improve soil conditions, enhance nutrient uptake, and increase crop productivity, particularly under water stress. However, the comparative effects of biochar derived from different feedstocks on peanut growth and yield remain unclear. A two-year pot experiment was conducted to examine the impacts of maize straw biochar (B M ) and wood chip biochar (B W ) on peanut growth, nutrient uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), and soil nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) availability under three irrigation regimes: well-watered (I WW ), moderate water stress (I MS ), and severe water stress (I SS ). Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW , likely due to reduced plant nutrient uptake. Nevertheless, total N and K uptake by plants declined under stress, leading to 15.7–47.5% yield reductions. Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control. Notably, B W outperformed B M in promoting nutrient uptake and yield, particularly under stress, due to its higher intrinsic N and K, and superior cation exchange capacity. The I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield, achieving yields comparable to well-watered controls (I WW B 0 ) but with reduced water use, resulting in significantly higher WUE. These results suggest that wood chip biochar application under moderate water stress offers a sustainable strategy to enhance peanut productivity in arid regions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased soil ammonium, nitrate and available potassium relative to well-watered pots.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- Water stress (I MS and I SS )e0
- Outcome
- soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- I WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant nitrogen and potassium uptake declined under water stress.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- total N and K uptake by plantse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total N and K uptake by plants declined under stress”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced peanut yield by 15.7–47.5%.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 15.7–47.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“15.7–47.5% yield reductions”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved peanut height by 5.3–18.2% compared with control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Value
- 5.3–18.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved peanut leaf area by 4.1–13.4% compared with control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increaseinferredt0
- Value
- 4.1–13.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area by 4.1–13.4%”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved nitrogen uptake by 2.8–20.0% compared with control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 2.8–20.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N uptake by 2.8–20.0%”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved potassium uptake by 11.6–21.6% compared with control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- K uptakee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 11.6–21.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K uptake by 11.6–21.6%”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved yield by 10.1–54.6% compared with control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 10.1–54.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield by 10.1–54.6%”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved WUE by 1.4–46.0% compared with control.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 1.4–46.0%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Wood biochar outperformed maize biochar for nutrient uptake and yield, especially under stress.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- B We0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake and yielde0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Qualifier
- particularly under stresse0
- Comparator
- B Me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B W outperformed B M in promoting nutrient uptake and yield, particularly under stress”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The moderate stress plus wood biochar treatment produced the highest nitrogen and potassium uptake and yield.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- I MS B W combinatione0
- Outcome
- N and K uptake and yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate stress plus wood biochar yielded comparably to well-watered controls with less water use and significantly higher WUE.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- reduced water usee0
- Comparator
- well-watered controls (I WW B 0 )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“achieving yields comparable to well-watered controls (I WW B 0 ) but with reduced water use, resulting in significantly higher WUE”
t0“peanut”
e1“Biochar application mitigated these effects, improving plant height by 5.3–18.2%, leaf area by 4.1–13.4%, N uptake by 2.8–20.0%, K uptake by 11.6–21.6%, yield by 10.1–54.6%, and WUE by 1.4–46.0%, compared with the control”
e2“Water stress (I MS and I SS ) increased soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 – -N, and available K relative to I WW”
e3“I MS B W combination produced the highest N and K uptake and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend wood biochar under moderate stress to enhance peanut productivity in arid regions.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- wood chip biochar application under moderate water stresse0
- Outcome
- enhance peanut productivitye0
- Setting
- arid regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wood chip biochar application under moderate water stress offers a sustainable strategy to enhance peanut productivity in arid regions”
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