Abstract
Abstract: Background: Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne bacterium that causes bacterial wilt, a devastating disease in affecting vegetable crops world, and necessitating sustainable biological alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides. Objective: This study amid to critically assess both in vitro and in planta efficacy of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) leaf extract against R. solanacearum. Methodology: Ethanolic extracts were made through a process of maceration and profiled in terms of phenolic and flavonoid content. Antibacterial activity was determined by MIC, MBC, synergy by checkerboard, and biofilm inhibition assays and in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings. Results: The extraction yield was 18.5% (w/w), total phenolic (125.3 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (78.9 mg QE/g) content which mainly comprised gallic acid and quercetin. In vitro tests revealed have shown that the MIC was 0.625 mg/mL and MBC was 1.25 mg/mL. A synergistic effect was observed (FICi=0.5) in combination with streptomycin. Additionally, the extract reduced biofilm formation by up to 90.1% at the MBC. In planta, the Disease Severity Index was significantly reduced in the treated group (85.6% of the infected) to 19.5% at MBC and growth parameters (height and weight) were restored to normal, with no phytotoxicity evident. The extract was also able to disrupt cell membranes of bacteria, as well as inhibit key enzymes, which helped in its bactericidal effect. Conclusion: E. camaldulensis leaf extract is an effective, environmentally-friendly biopesticide with a high potential to manage bacterial wilt and activate crop growth to be used as an integrated pest control approach.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus leaf extraction yielded 18.5%.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Eucalyptus camaldulensist0 - Outcome
- extraction yielde0
- Value
- 18.5% (w/w)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extraction yield was 18.5% (w/w)”
t0“Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus leaf extract had total phenolic content of 125.3 mg GAE/g.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensist0
- Outcome
- total phenolice0
- Value
- 125.3 mg GAE/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolic (125.3 mg GAE/g)”
t0“Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus leaf extract had flavonoid content of 78.9 mg QE/g.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensist0
- Outcome
- flavonoide0
- Value
- 78.9 mg QE/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoid (78.9 mg QE/g) content”
t0“Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid and quercetin were the main constituents of Eucalyptus leaf extract.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensist0
- Outcome
- gallic acid and quercetine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“content which mainly comprised gallic acid and quercetin”
t0“Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract had an MIC of 0.625 mg/mL against Ralstonia solanacearum.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Interactor
- R. solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume1pathogen - Outcome
- MICe0
- Value
- 0.625 mg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro tests revealed have shown that the MIC was 0.625 mg/mL and MBC was 1.25 mg/mL.”
e1“against R. solanacearum”
e2“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract had an MBC of 1.25 mg/mL against Ralstonia solanacearum.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume1pathogen
- Outcome
- MBCe0
- Value
- 1.25 mg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro tests revealed have shown that the MIC was 0.625 mg/mL and MBC was 1.25 mg/mL.”
e1“against R. solanacearum”
e2“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract combined synergistically with streptomycin, with FICi=0.5.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- streptomycine0
- Outcome
- synergistic effecte0
- Value
- FICi=0.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A synergistic effect was observed (FICi=0.5) in combination with streptomycin.”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract reduced bacterial biofilm formation by up to 90.1% at the MBC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- the extracte0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- biofilm formatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 90.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the extract reduced biofilm formation by up to 90.1% at the MBC”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
e2“against R. solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
In treated tomato seedlings, the Disease Severity Index fell from 85.6% in infected plants to 19.5% at MBC.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- treated groupe0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- Disease Severity Indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19.5%e0
- Qualifier
- 85.6%e0
- Comparator
- infectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Disease Severity Index was significantly reduced in the treated group (85.6% of the infected) to 19.5% at MBC”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
e2“against R. solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract treatment restored tomato height and weight to normal.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- the treated groupe2
- Outcome
- growth parameters (height and weight)e0
- Direction
- restored to normale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth parameters (height and weight) were restored to normal”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
e2“the treated group”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract showed no evident phytotoxicity in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- no phytotoxicity evidente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with no phytotoxicity evident”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract disrupted bacterial cell membranes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- The extracte0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- cell membranes of bacteriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extract was also able to disrupt cell membranes of bacteria”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
e2“against R. solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract inhibited key bacterial enzymes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- key enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as inhibit key enzymes”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
e2“against R. solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Eucalyptus leaf extract for integrated bacterial wilt control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- manage bacterial wilt and activate crop growth to be used as an integrated pest control approache0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E. camaldulensis leaf extract is an effective, environmentally-friendly biopesticide with a high potential to manage bacterial wilt and activate crop growth to be used as an integrated pest control approach.”
e1“in planta trials were done on tomato seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Ralstonia solanacearum · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
27 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
27 papers more in this group
See all 31 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.