Abstract
Gaseous nitrogen losses and residual soil nitrogen accumulation are primary drivers of low nitrogen use efficiency in alkaline irrigated cropping systems. A two-year field experiment (2019–2020) in the Hetao Irrigation District under alkaline flood-irrigated maize evaluated the effects of nitrogen rate, fertilizer formulation, and enhanced-efficiency fertilizers—urea with urease inhibitor NBPT and ammonium sulfate with nitrification inhibitor DMPP—on NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, post-harvest soil mineral nitrogen, and grain yield. A soil pH manipulation sub-experiment (±0.5 units, ambient pH ~8.8) was conducted to quantify the direct effect of alkalinity on volatilization. NH3 volatilization was insensitive to fertilizer formulation and inhibitor inclusion but strongly responsive to soil pH; a 0.5-unit increase in soil pH elevated volatilization efficiency by up to 25% relative to ambient conditions. N2O emissions were around 18% higher under ammonium sulfate than under urea and were reduced by 21–32% with inhibitor treatments, without increasing NH3 volatilization. Inhibitor-assisted optimized management (urea + NBPT and ammonium sulfate + DMPP) achieved higher yields and lower emission intensity than urea alone. These results confirm that NH3 and N2O losses are governed by distinct controls, and that concurrent mitigation of both pathways requires interventions that independently target each loss driver, beyond rate optimization and inhibitor application alone.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer formulation did not change ammonia volatilization.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NH3 volatilization was insensitive to fertilizer formulation and inhibitor inclusion”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibitor inclusion did not change ammonia volatilization.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NH3 volatilization was insensitive to fertilizer formulation and inhibitor inclusion”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil pH by 0.5 units raised ammonia volatilization efficiency by up to 25% against ambient pH.
- Treatment
- 0.5-unit increase in soil pHe0
- Outcome
- volatilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- up to 25%e0
- Comparator
- ambient conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 0.5-unit increase in soil pH elevated volatilization efficiency by up to 25% relative to ambient conditions”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate produced around 18% more N2O emissions than urea.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N2O emissions were around 18% higher under ammonium sulfate than under urea”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibitor treatments reduced N2O emissions by 21–32%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were reduced by 21–32% with inhibitor treatments”
e1“N2O emissions were around 18% higher”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea with NBPT achieved higher yields than urea alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibitor-assisted optimized management (urea + NBPT and ammonium sulfate + DMPP) achieved higher yields and lower emission intensity than urea alone”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate with DMPP achieved higher yields than urea alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibitor-assisted optimized management (urea + NBPT and ammonium sulfate + DMPP) achieved higher yields and lower emission intensity than urea alone”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea with NBPT lowered emission intensity compared with urea alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibitor-assisted optimized management (urea + NBPT and ammonium sulfate + DMPP) achieved higher yields and lower emission intensity than urea alone”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate with DMPP lowered emission intensity compared with urea alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibitor-assisted optimized management (urea + NBPT and ammonium sulfate + DMPP) achieved higher yields and lower emission intensity than urea alone”
t0“Maize Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that concurrent NH3 and N2O mitigation requires interventions targeting each loss driver.
- Outcome
- interventions that independently target each loss drivere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concurrent mitigation of both pathways requires interventions that independently target each loss driver, beyond rate optimization and inhibitor application alone”
t0“Maize Fields”
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