Abstract
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils restricts crop productivity by disturbing cellular redox homeostasis and metabolism. The present study assessed whether taurine mitigates Cd-induced toxicity in hydroponically grown maize ( Zea mays L., cv. Hido) seedlings exposed to 100 µM Cd in the presence or absence of taurine supplementation. Cd stress significantly reduced root and shoot development, pigment levels, soluble protein content, and several antioxidative enzyme activities, and was accompanied by elevated ROS accumulation and increased membrane lipid peroxidation. Taurine alleviated these effects by promoting growth recovery, maintaining pigment and protein status, and strengthening antioxidant capacity through higher SOD, CAT, APX and GR activities together with improved ascorbate–glutathione levels; this response was accompanied by lower ROS accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Gene expression analysis showed that Cd exposure upregulated cytochrome c oxidase 19 ( COX19 ) and alternative oxidase ( AOX ), indicating a stress-associated transcriptional response involving mitochondrial-related genes. Taurine further enhanced their expression, suggesting a taurine-associated mitochondrial-related transcriptional response under Cd stress. Taurine also significantly reduced Cd accumulation in both roots and shoots. The limited change in the translocation factor suggests that this effect was primarily associated with reduced Cd uptake, with only minor changes in root-to-shoot translocation. These findings indicate that taurine-mediated Cd tolerance involves changes in antioxidant defence, mitochondrial-related gene expression, cellular redox status, and reduced Cd accumulation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced maize root and shoot development.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress significantly reduced root and shoot development, pigment levels, soluble protein content, and several antioxidative enzyme activities”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced pigment levels and soluble protein content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress significantly reduced root and shoot development, pigment levels, soluble protein content, and several antioxidative enzyme activities”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced antioxidative enzyme activities.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress significantly reduced root and shoot development, pigment levels, soluble protein content, and several antioxidative enzyme activities”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased ROS accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation.
- Treatment
- Cd stresst1
- Outcome
- ROS accumulation and increased membrane lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was accompanied by elevated ROS accumulation and increased membrane lipid peroxidation”
t0“maize”
t1“Cd stress significantly reduced root and shoot development”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine promoted growth recovery during cadmium stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Taurine alleviated these effects by promoting growth recovery”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine maintained pigment and protein status during cadmium stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintaining pigment and protein status”
t0“maize”
t1“Taurine alleviated these effects by promoting growth recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine raised SOD, CAT, APX and GR activities during cadmium stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher SOD, CAT, APX and GR activities”
t0“maize”
t1“Taurine alleviated these effects by promoting growth recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine improved ascorbate–glutathione levels during cadmium stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved ascorbate–glutathione levels”
t0“maize”
t1“Taurine alleviated these effects by promoting growth recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine lowered ROS accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower ROS accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation”
t0“maize”
t1“Taurine alleviated these effects by promoting growth recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium exposure upregulated COX19 and AOX expression.
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Gene
- COX19e0
- Outcome
- COX19 ) and alternative oxidase ( AOXe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd exposure upregulated cytochrome c oxidase 19 ( COX19 ) and alternative oxidase ( AOX )”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine further enhanced COX19 and AOX expression under cadmium stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Taurine further enhanced their expression”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Taurine reduced cadmium accumulation in roots and shoots.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Taurine also significantly reduced Cd accumulation in both roots and shoots”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The translocation factor changed little with taurine.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The limited change in the translocation factor”
t0“maize”
t1“Taurine also significantly reduced Cd accumulation in both roots and shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute reduced cadmium accumulation primarily to reduced uptake, with minor translocation changes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this effect was primarily associated with reduced Cd uptake, with only minor changes in root-to-shoot translocation”
t0“maize”
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