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“Defoliation levels”

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Defoliation estimates were more correct at low than intermediate defoliation levels.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxt0
Outcome: Estimatese0
Direction: more correcte0
Comparator: intermediate levels of defoliatione0

Verbatim

e0
“Estimates were more correct for low levels compared to intermediate levels of defoliation.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1195–1285

t0
“soybean defoliation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 31–50

Title

Comparing actual and perceived soybean defoliation with field surveys and grower estimates

Igor Sulzbacher Schardong; Dominic D Reisig; Ivair Valmorbida; et al. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 2026. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmag004

Other claims from this paper (3)

Method / resource Estimates did not differ by occupation.
Method / resource Growers who scout their fields better estimated defoliation than growers who do not.
Recommendation The authors call for reference tools for estimates above 20% defoliation.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Pod mass was highest with no defoliation, followed by the 25 %, 50 % and 75 % defoliation levels.

Taxon: groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
Treatment: levels of defoliatione5
Outcome: pod masse5
Direction: higheste5
Comparator: no defoliatione5

Verbatim

t0
“in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–84

e5
“pod mass was highest in no defoliation followed by 25%, 50% and 75 % levels of defoliation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 771–861

Title

Effect of defoliation on source-sink relationship in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Geetha Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect No defoliation gave the best results compared with the other four defoliation treatments in groundnut.
Association Lower values were recorded for all characters as defoliation intensity increased.
Observation Leaf area and leaf mass were near zero under 100 % defoliation.
Intervention effect Severe (100 %) defoliation gave the lowest pod mass per plant.
Intervention effect Moderate and severe defoliation significantly reduced all characters.
Intervention effect Defoliation reduced dry weight of root, shoot and pod mass in groundnut.
Intervention effect The adverse effect of complete defoliation was more pronounced than that of removing half of the leaves.
Intervention effect Defoliation during the early pod stage caused the greatest yield reduction in groundnut.
Recommendation No defoliation is recommended in groundnut variety Kadiri-6 to realize more pod yield per plant.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher defoliation levels yielded less growth in Swingle.

Taxon: Swinglee0
Treatment: Higher levels of rootstock shoot defoliatione0
Outcome: growthe0
Direction: lesse0
Comparator: lower defoliation levelse0

Verbatim

e0
“For Swingle, most growth responses to rootstock shoot defoliation were curvilinear. Higher levels of rootstock shoot defoliation resulted in less growth than lower defoliation levels”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1315–1497

Title

Growth of Budded, Containerized, Citrus Nursery Plants when Photosynthesis of Rootstock Shoots Is Limited

J.G. Williamson; B.E. Maust HortScience 1995. doi:10.21273/hortsci.30.7.1363

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect Cleopatra growth declined linearly with increasing rootstock shoot defoliation.
Intervention effect At no more than 40% defoliation, bent Cleopatra plants had greater whole-plant dry weight than cut plants.
Intervention effect Swingle growth responses to defoliation were mostly curvilinear.
Intervention effect Low light reduced whole-plant and root dry weights for both rootstocks.
Observation Cleopatra whole-plant and scion dry weights peaked at the highest light level.
Observation Swingle whole-plant and scion dry weights peaked at 225 μmol·m –2 ·s –1.
Intervention effect At 820 and 225 light levels, bent plants had higher dry weights than cut plants for both rootstocks.
Observation Most Swingle scion growth loss from defoliation occurred in the first scion flush.
Mechanism Authors suggest recent rootstock photosynthates explain the growth benefit of bending.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Defoliation caused major declines in nodule protein and leghaemoglobin levels.

Taxon: white clover plantsTrifolium repenst0
Treatment: Defoliatione0
Outcome: protein and leghaemoglobin levelse0
Direction: declinese0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Defoliation caused major declines in protein and leghaemoglobin levels”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 181–251

t0
“white clover plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 56–75

Title

Defoliation-Induced Stress in Nodules of White Clover

A. J. GORDON; W. KESSLER Journal of Experimental Botany 1990. doi:10.1093/jxb/41.10.1255

Other claims from this paper (15)

Intervention effect Defoliation reduced the activities of seven listed nodule enzymes.
Intervention effect Defoliation reduced activities of aspartate amino transferase, glutamine synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
Intervention effect Defoliation reduced malate dehydrogenase activity.
Intervention effect Continuous defoliation caused nodule enzyme activities to decline throughout 17 days.
Intervention effect After one defoliation, nodule enzyme activities fell for 7 to 10 days and recovered to control levels with leaf regrowth.
Intervention effect After one defoliation, PEP carboxylase and glutamine synthetase fell more than total protein.
Intervention effect Alcohol dehydrogenase specific activity increased after one defoliation.
Intervention effect Alcohol dehydrogenase declined only under continuous defoliation.
Intervention effect Amino peptidase activity declined with other nodule enzymes.
Intervention effect Endopeptidase activity rose significantly four days after either defoliation regimen.
Intervention effect Endopeptidase activity returned to control levels with new leaf regrowth.
Intervention effect With continuous defoliation, endopeptidase activity rose fivefold.
Observation Immunoblotting showed disappearance of glutamine synthetase and leghaemoglobin antigens.
Intervention effect Nitrogenase components I and II declined on the same time scale as host proteins after defoliation.
Observation As leaves regrew and nodule nitrogen fixation resumed, the specific nodule proteins became detectable again.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

All defoliation levels affected root biomass.

Taxon: Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
Treatment: all levels of defoliatione0
Outcome: Root biomasse0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“Root biomass was affected by all levels of defoliation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1507–1561

t0
“Medicago sativa”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 44–59

Title

Compensatory growth response of the legume, Medicago sativa, to defoliation and denodulation

M. A. Quinn; M. H. Hall Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1996. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00788.x

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Denodulation stimulated nodule growth and fully restored standing and total nodule number within 15 days.
Intervention effect Denodulation fully restored standing nodule biomass within 22 days.
Intervention effect Denodulation reduced final shoot biomass by 13%.
Intervention effect Denodulation did not significantly affect final root biomass.
Association The percentage change in trifoliate leaf number rose with defoliation level.
Intervention effect Total trifoliate leaf number recovered to control levels within 22 days after defoliation.
Intervention effect Defoliation reduced final standing shoot biomass relative to controls.
Intervention effect At 25% defoliation, shoot biomass was 18% below control.
Intervention effect At 50% defoliation, shoot biomass was 20% below control.
Intervention effect At 75% defoliation, shoot biomass was 36% below control.
Intervention effect At 50% defoliation, nodule biomass declined by 24%.
Intervention effect At 75% defoliation, nodule biomass declined by 32%.
Intervention effect At 25% defoliation, nodule biomass did not change significantly.
Method / resource Clipping trifoliate leaves accurately simulated H. postica larval defoliation.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The response of corn forage yield to increasing levels of defoliation was quadratic.

Taxon: CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
Treatment: increasing levels of defoliatione0
Outcome: Forage yield responsee0
Qualifier: quadratice0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“Forage yield response to increasing levels of defoliation was quadratic”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 478–549

t0
“Corn”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 25–29

Title

Impact of Defoliation on Corn Forage Yield

J. G. Lauer; G. W. Roth; M. G. Bertram Agronomy Journal 2004. doi:10.2134/agronj2004.1459

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect Corn forage yield decreased as leaf removal severity increased.
Intervention effect Corn forage yield decreased more as the time of defoliation neared silking.
Intervention effect Averaged across environments, 100% defoliation at V7 decreased corn forage yield by 16%.
Intervention effect 100% defoliation at V10 decreased corn forage yield by 43%.
Intervention effect 100% defoliation at R1 decreased corn forage yield by 70%.
Intervention effect 100% defoliation at R4 decreased corn forage yield by 40%.
Intervention effect Early defoliation (V7-V10) caused greater forage yield decreases than the predicted grain yield decreases currently used by hail adjusters.
Observation The response to defoliation from simulated hail damage differs between corn forage and corn grain.
Recommendation Insurance adjusters should use alternative predictive models for estimating forage yield losses.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Defoliation reduced cauliflower head mass, increasingly at greater defoliation levels.

Treatment: Defoliatione0
Outcome: final head masse0
Direction: reducede0
Qualifier: level of defoliatione0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Defoliation reduced final head mass, the amount of the reduction increasing with level of defoliation.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 307–409

Title

Using Defoliation to Estimate Yield Losses in Cauliflower: Application in Hail Damage Assessment

Julio Muro; Ignacio Irigoyen; Carmen Lamsfus HortScience 1998. doi:10.21273/hortsci.33.6.984

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect Bending back petioles caused an intermediate head mass loss relative to 33% and 66% defoliation.
Observation Head mass loss was highest when defoliation occurred at 20 to 38 mm head diameter.
Intervention effect Neither defoliation nor bending petioles appeared to alter head induction or production cycle length.
Intervention effect Total defoliation at 20—25 mm head diameter caused maximum head mass loss of 85.4% to 64.9%.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Lower defoliation levels generally did not affect maturity.

Taxon: Navy Beant0
Treatment: lower levels of defoliatione0
Outcome: maturitye0
Direction: no effecte0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Navy Bean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 23–32

e0
“there was generally no effect on maturity with lower levels of defoliation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 769–843

Title

Yield Loss Response of Navy Bean to Partial or Total Defoliation

A. W. Schaafsma; G. R. Ablett jpa 1994. doi:10.2134/jpa1994.0202

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Complete defoliation during vegetative or flowering stages delayed navy bean maturity up to 30 days.
Intervention effect At mid-pod fill, defoliation of at least 66% shortened time to maturity by up to one week.
Intervention effect Seed weights responded variably to vegetative-stage defoliation.
Intervention effect Higher defoliation generally produced smaller seeds, especially at pod fill.
Intervention effect Vegetative-stage yield loss was significant only with at least 83% defoliation.
Intervention effect Defoliation of at least 33% at flowering caused yield loss.
Intervention effect Defoliation of at least 33% at pod fill caused yield loss.
Association Yield loss response was linear during vegetative growth.
Association Yield loss response was quadratic at flowering and pod fill.
Intervention effect Defoliation during reproductive growth caused greater yield loss than during vegetative growth.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Defoliation and girdling suggested altered oxidation-product levels.

Taxon: Plantt0
Treatment: defoliation and girdlinge0
Outcome: altered levels of oxidation productse0

Verbatim

e0
“Changes following defoliation and girdling strongly suggest altered levels of oxidation products.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 480–577

t0
“Plant Systems”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 43–56

Title

Bioelectric Currents and Oxidant Levels in Plant Systems

W. C. LEVENGOOD Journal of Experimental Botany 1973. doi:10.1093/jxb/24.4.626

Other claims from this paper (11)

Association Stem circumference-height ratio was exponentially related to bioelectric current level.
Intervention effect Defoliation changed the plant current gradient.
Association Foliage density changed the plant current gradient.
Intervention effect Girdling changed the plant current gradient.
Association Neoplastic growth changed the plant current gradient.
Intervention effect Water stress reduced stem current level.
Intervention effect Water stress reduced stem current gradient.
Observation Dark proteinaceous compounds occurred at an iron cathode in transverse tree-bole sections.
Observation The complexes were translocated by ray parenchyma and stored in secondary xylem and pith.
Observation New xylem and phloem were free of those complexes.
Mechanism The authors infer that active tissue rapidly translocates reaction products and prevents their accumulation.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Starch levels increased as hand defoliation was delayed.

Taxon: AppleMalus domesticat0
Treatment: hand-defoliatione0
Outcome: Starch levelse0
Direction: increasede0
Comparator: delayede0

Verbatim

t0
“Apple Nursery Stock”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 87–106

e0
“Starch levels increased as hand-defoliation was delayed”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 644–699

Title

Prestorage and Poststorage Starch Levels in Chemically and Hand-defoliated ‘Delicious’ Apple Nursery Stock1

G. S. Abusrewil; Fenton E Larsen; Robert Fritts Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 1983. doi:10.21273/jashs.108.1.20

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Multiple chemical applications usually decreased starch relative to single applications.
Intervention effect Starch decreased during storage in roots and stems.
Intervention effect Bud starch changed little during storage.
Association Summer shoot growth after storage and replanting followed a pattern somewhat like tree starch levels.
Intervention effect Delaying hand defoliation until October 30 yielded the highest starch at April planting in both years.

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